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592 MUSCLES.
The animal organism takes up much more oxygen in activity than
when at rest, and eliminates also considerably more carbon dioxide. The
quantity of oxygen which leaves the body as carbon dioxide during
activity is much larger than the quantity of oxygen taken up at the same
time; and the venous muscle-blood is poorer in oxygen and richer in
carbon dioxide during activity than during rest. The exchange of gases
in the muscles during activity is the reverse of that at rest, for the active
muscle gives up a quantity of carbon dioxide which does not correspond
to the quantity of oxygen taken up, but is considerably greater. It
follows from this that in muscular activity not only does oxidation take
place, but also splitting processes occur. This also results from the fact
that removed blood-free muscles when placed in an atmosphere devoid of
oxygen can labor for some time and still yield carbon dioxide (Hermann 1
).
During muscular inactivity, in the ordinary sense, a consumption
of glycogen takes place. This is inferred from the observations of sev-
eral investigators, that the quantity of glycogen is. increased and its cor-
responding consumption reduced in those muscles whose chemical tonus
is reduced either by cutting through the nerve or for other reasons
(Bernard, Chandelon, Vay,2
and others). In activity this consump-
tion of glycogen is increased, and it has been positively proved by the
researches of numerous investigators 3
that the quantity of glycogen
in the muscles in activity decreases quickly and freely. The sugar is
removed from the blood and consumed during activity.4
The recent
investigations of Joh. Muller, Locke and Rosenheim and Camis 5
have given direct proof of the consumption of sugar during muscular
activity. In experiments on surviving hearts of different animals through
which was perfused a salt solution containing sugar, they could detect
an undoubted consumption of sugar which was quite considerable and
which to all appearances was used as material for muscle work.
The amphoteric reaction of the inactive muscles is changed during
1
L. Hermann, Unters. iiber d. Stoffwechsel der Muskeln, etc., Berlin, 1867.
In regard to gas exchange in removed muscles, see also J. Tissot, Arch, de Physiol.
(5), 6 and 7, and Compt. Rend.. 120.
1
Chandelon, Pfluger’s Arch.. 13; Vay, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 34, which
also contains the pertinent literature.
* Nasse, Pfluger’s Arch., 2; Weiss, Wien. Sitzungsber., 64; Kiilz, in Ludwig’s
Festschrift, Marburg, 1890; Marcuse, Pfluger’s Arch., 39; Manchd, Zeitschr. f. Bio-
logie, 25; Moratand Dufour, Arch dc Physiol. (5), 4.
4
Chauveau and Kaufmann, Compt. Rend., 103, 104, and 105; Quinquaud, Maly’s
Jahresber., 16; Morat and Dufour, 1. c; Cavazzani, Centralbl. f. Physiol., 8; Seegen,
’’
Die Zuckerbildung im Thicrkorpcr," Berlin, 1890, Centralbl. f. Physiol., 8, 9, and
10; Arch. f. < Anat. u.) Physiol . 1895 and 1896; Pfluger’s Arch., 50.
6
Joh. Muller, Zeitschr. f allgem. Physiol., 3; Camis, ibid., 8; Locke and Rosen-
heim, Journ. of Physiol , 36.
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