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SMOOTH MUSCLES. 601
in the flesh of different animals. According to the analysis of Almen l
the muscles of lean oxen contain 15 p. m. fat and 707 p. m. water: the
flesh of the pike contains only 1.") p. m. fat and 839 p. m. water.
For certain purposes, as, for example, in experiments mi metabolism, it is
important to know the elementary composition of flesh. In regard t<> the quan-
tity of nitrogen we generally accept Vorr’s figure, namely, 3.4 per cent, as an
average for fresh lean meat. According to Nowak and BuPPERT - this quantity
may vary about 0.6 per cent, and in nunc exact investigations it is therefore
necessary to specially determine the nitrogen. Complete elementary analyses
of flesh have been made with greal care by AaGUTiNSKy. The average for ox-
flesh dried in vacuo and free from fat and with the glvcogen deducted was as fol-
lows: C 49.G; H 6.9; X 15.3; O+S 23.0; and ash 5.2 per cent. Kohler
found as an average for water and fat-free beef C 49.86; H 6.78; N 15.68; O+S
2l’.;i per cent, which are very similar results. This investigator also made similar
analyses of the flesh of various animals and determined the calorific value of the
ash- and fat-free dried meat substance. This value was, per gram of substance,
5509-5677 cal. The relation of the carbon to nitrogen, which ARGUTixsKy calls
the "flesh quotient," is on an average 3.24 : 1. From Kohler’s analyses the
average for beef is 3.15 : 1 and for horse-flesh 3.38: 1. Max Muller has shown
with experiments on dogs, that the flesh of the same individual shows some varia-
tion in this quotient after different foods. According to Salkowski, of the total
nitrogen of beef 77.4 per cent was insoluble proteins, 10.08 per cent soluble pro-
teins, and 12.52 per cent other soluble bodies. Frextzel and Schreuer 3
find
that about 7.74 per cent of the total nitrogen belongs to the nitrogenous
extractives.
Smooth Muscles.
The smooth muscles have a neutral or alkaline reaction (Du Bois-
Reymond) when at rest. During activity they are acid, which is inferred
from the observations of Bernstein, who found that the almost con-
tinually contracting sphincter muscle of the Anodonta is acid during
life. The smooth muscles may also, according to Heidenhain and
Kuhne,4
pass into rigor mortis and thereby become acid. A spontaneous
but slowly coagulating plasma has also been observed in several cases.
In regard to the proteins of the smooth muscles we have the earlier
accounts of Heidenhain and Hellwig;5
but they were, first carefully
studied according to newer methods by Munk and Velichi.6 These
1
Nova Act. Reg. Soc. Scient. Upsal., Vol. extr. ord., 1877; also Maly’s Jahresber., 7.
2
Voit, Zeitschr. f. Biologie, 1; Huppert, ibid., 7; Nowak, Wien. Sitzungsber., 64,
Abt. 2.
3
Argutinsky, Pfliiger’s Arch., 55; Kohler, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 31; Sal-
kowski, Centralbl. f. d. mcd. Wissensch., 1S94; Frentzel and Schreuer, Arch. f. (Anat.
u.) Physiol., 1902; Muller, Pfliiger’s Arch., 116.
4
Du Bois-Reymond in Xasse, Hermann’s Handb., 1, 339; Bernstein, ibid., Heiden-
hain, ibid., 340, with Helhvig, ibid., 339; Kuhne, Lehrbuch, 331.
5
Heidenhain in Xasse, Hermann’s Handb., 1, 340, with Helhvig, ibid., 339; Kuhne,
Lehrbuch, 331.
8
Munk and Velichi, Centralbl. f. Physiol., 12.
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