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606 BRAIN AND NERVES.
The extractive bodies seem to be almost the same as in the muscles.
One finds creatine, which may, however, be absent (Baumstark), purine
bases, inosite, choline, paralactic acid (Moriya), phosphocarnic acid, uric
acid, and the diamine neuridine, C5H14N2, discovered by Brieger l
and which is most interesting because of its appearance in the putrefac-
tion of animal tissues or in cultures of the typhoid bacillus. Among
the enzymes we must mention catalases, peroxidases, lipases and amylases
(Wr6blewski). According to the autolytic experiments of Simon 2
a proteolytic enzyme, and an enzyme acting upon the organic phos-
phorized substance with the splitting off of phosphoric acid also occur.
Under pathological conditions leucine and urea have been found in the
brain. Urea is also a physiological constituent of the brain of cartilagi-
nous fishes.
Several of the lipoids occurring in the brain have been discussed in
previous chapters, and we will here only speak of the protagon and the
cerebrosides.
Protagon. Under this name Liebreich described a crystalline,
nitrogenous and phosphorized substance, which has been found in the
brain of man, mammalia and also birds (Argiris) but not in the brain
of fishes (Argiris). Its elementary composition, according to Gamgee
and Blankenkorn, is C 66.39, H 10.69, N 2.39 and P 1.07 per cent.
The results obtained by Cramer correspond well with these figures and
he found that protagon also contained sulphur which had previously been
found by Ruppel and by Kossel. Recently Wilson and Cramer 3
have
reported more recent analyses and they find for protagon, recrystallized
4-5 times, almost the same figures as Gamgee and Blankenhorn, namely,
C 66.53, H 10.97, N 2.37, P 0.95 and S 0.73 per cent. They consider
protagon as a unit substance.
Gies, Posner and Rosenheim and Tebb 4
dispute the unit nature
of protagon. They have found, on fractional precipitation or on recrys-
tallization, that protagons can be obtained from the various solvents,
having variable composition, especially different P and N contents. They
1
Brieger, Ueber Ptomaine, Berlin, 1885 and 1886.
2
\Yr6blewski, Compt. Rend., 152; Fr. Simon, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 72.
3
Liebreich, Annal. d. Chem. u. Pharm., 134; Argiris, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem.,
57; Gamgee and Blankenhorn, ibid., 3; Kossel and Freytag, ibid., 17; Ruppel,
Zeitschr. f. Biol., 31; Cramer, Journ. of Physiol., 31, with R. A. Wilson, Journ. of
exp. Physiol., 1, with Lockhead, Bioch. Journ., 2; also Cramer, Quarterly Journ. of
exp. Physiol. 3, and Bioch. Handlexikon (Abderhalden) Bd. 3, which contains the
literature.
* Gies and Lesem, Amer. Journ. of Physiol., 8; Posner and Gies, Journ. of biol.
Chem., 1; Gies, ilid.. 3; Rosenheim and Tebb, Journ. of Physiol., 36 and 37, Quarterly
Journ. of exp. Physiol., 2, and Bioch. Zeitschr., 25.
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