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€80 URINE.
in the liver, spleen, muscles and others, although only in small amounts.
Under pathological conditions, as in obstructed excretion, urea may
appear to a considerable extent in the animal fluids and tissues.
The quantity of urea which is voided in twenty-four hours on a mixed
diet is in a grown man about 30 grams, in women somewhat less. While
children void less, the excretion relative to their body weight is greater
than in grown persons. The physiological significance of urea lies in
the fact that this body forms in man and carnivora, from a quantitative
standpoint, the most important nitrogenous end-product of the metabolism
of protein bodies. On this account the elimination of urea varies to a
great extent with the catabolism of the protein, and above all with the
quantity of absorbable proteins in the food ingested. The elimination
of urea is greatest after an exclusive meat diet, and lowest, indeed less
than during starvation, after the consumption of non-nitrogenous sub-
stances, since these diminish the metabolism of the proteins of the body.
If the consumption of the proteins of the body is increased, then
the elimination of nitrogen is correspondingly increased. This is found to
be the case in fevers, after poisoning with arsenic, antimony, phosphorus,
and other protoplasmic poisons, and when there is a diminished supply
of oxygen—as in severe and continuous dyspncea, poisoning with carbon
monoxide, hemorrhage, etc. In these cases it used to be considered that
the rise in the excretion of nitrogen was due to an increased elimination
of urea, because no exact difference was made between the quantity
of urea and of total nitrogen in the urine. Recent researches have con-
clusively demonstrated Ihe untrustworthiness of these observations.
Since Pfluger and Bohland have shown that 16 per cent of the total
nitrogen of the urine exists under physiological conditions in other com-
pounds, not urea, attention has-been called to the relation of the dif-
ferent nitrogenous constituents of the urine to each other, and it has
been found, under pathological conditions, that this relation may vary
considerably, especially in regard to the urea. We have numerous
determinations by different investigator’s,1
on the relation of the different
nitrogenous constituents to each other in the normal urine of adults.
1
Pfluger and Bohland, Pfluger’ s Arch., 38 and 43; Bohland, ibid., 43; Schultze,
ibid., 45; Camerer, Zeitschr. f. Biologie, 24, 27, and 28; Voges, Ueber die Mischung
der stickstoffhaltigen Bestandtheile im Ham. etc. (Inaug.-Diss. Berlin. 1892), cited
from Maly’s Jahresber., 22; K. Morner and Sjoqvist, Skand. Arch. f. Physiol., 2.
See also Sjoqvist, Nord. Med. Arkiv., 1892, No. 36, and 1894, No. 10; Gumlich, Zeitschr.
f. physiol. Chem., 17; Bodtker, see Maly’s Jahresber., 26; Folin, Amer. Journ. of
Physiol., 13; Osterberg and Wolff, Journ. of biol. Chem., 3; Haskins, ibid., 2; Donze
et Lambling, Journ. de Physiol, et de Path., 5; Bouchet, ibid., 14; Lambling et
Bouchet, Compt. rend. soc. biol., 71; Long and Gephart, Journ. Amer. Chem.
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