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692 URINE.
Carbamic-acid ethylester (urethane), as shown by Jaffe, 1
may pass, by the
mutual action of alcohol and urea, into the alcoholic extract of urine when one
is working with large quantities.
Folin 2
claims that all human urine contains a body which is probably methyl-
urea.
7NH CO
Creatinine, C4H7N3O, or NH : C\ ,
is the anhydride of
\N(CH3).CH2
/NH2
Creatine, NH:C\ ,
which occurs in the muscles,
xN(CH3 ).CH2 .COOH
bird urine and sometimes also in human urine.
Creatinine occurs in human urine and in that of certain mammalia.
It has also been found in ox-blood, milk, though in very small amounts,
in meat extracts, and in the flesh of certain fishes.
The quantity of creatinine in human urine is, in a grown man voiding
a normal quantity of urine in the course of a day, 0.6-1.3 grams (Netj-
bauer), or on an average i gram. Johnson 3 found 1.7-2.1 grams per
day, and similar results have been obtained by v. Hoogenhuyze and
Verploegh.4
The quantity of creatinine with a diet free from meat
is, Folin 5
says, variable for different individuals, but is constant for the
same person. He never found the quantity below 1 gram and often
between 1.3 and 1.7 grams. Nurslings also eliminate creatinine, although
the quantity is small (v. Hoogenhuyze and Verploegh). The quantity
of creatinine nitrogen in per cent of the total nitrogen varies under
different conditions, but is on an average about 4.5-6.9 per cent, as
determined by several experimenters.
Creatine occurs especially in the urine of birds and also in the urine
of nurslings, but also in older children (Rose, Folin and Denis). It
has also been found in the urine of pregnant women (Kratjse and Cramer)
but otherwise only in starvation, in diabetes, diseases of the liver, fevers
and diseases accompanied by a destruction of the body proteins, espe-
cially muscle-proteins. Between creatine and creatinine elimination a
relation exists it seems, at least for certain cases, namely with a decrease
in the quantity of creatinine eliminated the quantity of creatine increases
(Levene and Kristellerj.6
1
Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 14.
7
Journ. of biol. Chem., 3.
J
Huppert-Neubauer, Harnanalyse, 10. Aufl., 387.
* Zeitschr. f . physiol. Chem., 4f>.
* Amer. Journ. of Physiol. 13; af. Klercker, Hofmeister’s Beitrage, 8.
6
Rose. Journ. of biol. Chem., 10; Folin and Denis, ibid., 11; Krauee and Cramer,
Journ. of Physiol., 40 (Proc. physiol. Soc, July, 1910, LXI); Schaffer, Amer. Journ.
of Physiol., 23; Levene and Kristeller, ibid., 24.
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