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702 URINE.
we consider the formation of uric acid from the purine bases of the nuclein
substances as a positively proven fact.
According to the original view of Horbaczewski the nucleins do
not directly (by their purine bases) cause an increased elimination of uric
acid, but indirectly by causing a leucocytosis with a consequent destruc-
tion of leucocytes. This view has been justly discarded on account,
of the above-mentioned conditions; still on the other hand it cannot
be denied that the formation of uric acid is alsto in certain regards related
to the formation or the destruction of leucocytes and to the metabolism
in the cells as a whole.1
The uric acid, in so far as it is produced from nuclein bases, is in part
derived from the nucleins of the destroyed cells of the body and in part
from the nucleins or free purine bases introduced with the food. It
is therefore possible to admit, with Burian and Schur,2
of a double origin
for the uric acid as well as the urinary purines (all purine bodies of the
urine, including the uric acid), namely, an endogenous and an exogenous
origin. Burtan and Schur attempted to determine the quantity of
endogenous urinary purines by feeding with sufficient food, but as free
as possible from purine bodies, and they found that this quantity was
constant for every individual, while it was variable for different persons.
The observations of many other investigators have led to similar con-
clusions, and we are now unanimous in our opinion that the uric acid
originating from the nucleins is partly endogenous and partly exogenous,
and that the amount of endogenous uric acid is only very slightly dependent
upon the protein content of the food.
The formation of uric acid from the nucleins or the purine bases seems
at least in great part to be of an enzymotic kind. After it was shown that
certain organs, such as the liver and spleen, had the power of converting
oxypurines into uric acid in the presence of oxygen (Horbaczewski,
Spitzer and Wiener 3
), recently Schittenhelm, Burian, Jones and
co-workers 4
,
by more careful investigations have shown that enzymes
der Physiol., 1, Abt. 1, 1002. See also Schittenhelm, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 62,
with Frank, ibid., 03, with Seisser, Zeitschr. f. exp. Path. u. Ther., 7; Abderhaklen,
London and Schittenhelm, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 61; Mendel and Lyman., Journ.
of bioL Chern., 8.
1
See Plimmer, Dick and Lieb, Journ. of Physiol., 39; Mares Pfliiger’s Arch., 134,
and Smotanka, ibid., 138.
2
Pfliiger’s Arch., 80, 87, and 94.
1
See footnote, 6, page 701.
•Schittenhelm, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 42, 43, 45, 46, 57, 63, 66, with Schmid,
ibid., 50, and Zeitschr. f. exp. Path. u. Therap., 4; Burian, Zeitschr. f. physiol.
Chem., 43; Jones and Partridge, ibid., 42; Jones with Winternitz, ibid., 44 and 60;
Jones, ibid., 45, 05, with Austrian, ibid., 48, with Miller, ibid., 61; Jones, Journ. of
biol. Chem., ’.»; Wells, ibid., 7; Mendel and Mitchell, Amer. Journ. of Physiol., 20.
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