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766 URINE.
Folin a
has suggested a method for estimating the sulphate-sul-
phuric acid as well as the ethereal-sulphuric acid, and also the totaL
sulphur, which is somewhat different from the ordinary methods.
Nitrates occur in small quantities in human urine (Schonbein), and they
probably originate from the drinking-water and the food. According to Weyl
and Citron, 2
the quantity of nitrates is smallest with a meat diet and greatest
with vegetable food. The average amount is about 42.5 milligrams per liter.
Potassium and Sodium. The quantity of these bodies eliminated
by the urine by a healthy adult on a mixed diet is, according to Salkow-
ski,3 3-4 grams K2O and 5-8 grams Na20, with an average of about 2-3
grams K2O and 4-6 grams Xa20. The proportion of K to Na is ordinarily
3:5. The quantity depends above all upon the food. In starvation
the urine may become richer in potassium than in sodium, which results
from the lack of common salt and the destruction of tissue rich in potas-
sium. The quantity of potassium may be relatively increased during
fever, while after the crisis the reverse is the case.
The quantitative estimation of these bodies is made by the gravi-
metric methods as described in works on quantitative analysis. In
the determination of the total alkalies new methods have been devised
by Pribram and Gregor, and for the potassium alone a method by
Autenrieth and Bernheim.4
Ammonia. Some ammonia is habitually found in human urine and
in that of carnivora. The quantity in human urine on a mixed diet is
an average of 0.7 gram, according to Neubauer. Maillard 5
found
higher values for soldiers, namely 1.11 grams. The ammonia nitrogen
relative to the total nitrogen is, on a mixed diet, 3.6-5.8 per cent.
As above stated (page 685), on the formation of urea from ammonia,
this quantity may represent the small amount of ammonia which is
excluded from the synthesis to urea by being combined with acids formed
in excess by combustion and not united with the fixed alkalies. This
view is confirmed by the observation that the elimination of ammonia was
smaller on a vegetable diet and larger on a rich meat diet than on a mixed
diet. After abundant meat feeding Bouchez found, for example, 1.35-
1.67 gram NH? in twenty-four hours. The relationship of the ammonia
elimination to the acid formation in the animal body corresponds also
to the unquestioned relation between the hydrochloric acid content of the
1
Journ. of Biol. Chem., 1, and Amer. Journ. of Physiol., 13.
5
Schonbein, Journ. f. prakt. Chem., 92; Weyl, Virchow’s Arch., 96, with Citron,
iUd., 101.
’ Ibid., 53.
4
Pribram and Gregor, Zeitschr. f. analyt. Chem., 38; Autenreith and Bernheim,
Zeitschr. f. phyaol. f’hem., 37.
1
Journ. de Physiol, et de Path., 10.
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