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METHYLATION. 787
was observed. In perfusion experiments with dog livers, Embden and
Schmitz l
have shown the formation of phenylalanine, tyrosine and other
amino-aeids, as has already been mentioned (pages 530 and 775) by
synthesis from the ammonium salts of the corresponding keto-arids and
also in part from the oxy-acids.
Mdhylation also often occurs, and as an example we will mention that
His has shown that ’pyridine, C5H5N, is transformed in dogs into methyl-
pyridine, and then passes into the urine as methylpyridylammonium
hydroxide. Pyridine behaves similarly in hens (Hoshiai), pigs and goats,
(Totani and Hoshiai) while according to Abderhalden 2
and collabora-
tors, in rabbits it passes unchanged into the urine. Further examples
of methylation, although not aromatic substances, are the conversion
of guanidine acetic acid into creatine (Jaffe) and the observation of
Takeda 3
of the appearance of aminobutyrobetaine in the urine of dogs
with phosphorus poisoning.
Several alkaloids, such as quinine, morphine, and strychnine, may pass into
the urine. After the ingestion of turpentine, balsam of copaiba, and resins, these
may appear in the urine as resin acids. Different kinds of coloring-matters, such
as alizarin, crysophanic acid, after rhubarb or senna, and the coloring-matter of
the blueberry, etc., may also pass into the urine. After rhubarb, senna, or santonin
the urine assumes a yellow or greenish-yellow color, which is transformed into
a beautiful red by the addition of alkali. Phenol produces, as above mentioned,
a dark-brown or dark-green color which depends mainly on the decomposition
products of hydroquinone and humin substances. After naphthalene the urine
has a dark color, and several other medicinal agents produce a special coloration.
Thus after antipyrine it becomes yellow or blood-red. After balsam of copaiba
the urine becomes, when strongly acidified with hydrochloric acid, gradually
rose- and purple-red. After naphthalene or naphthol the urine gives with con-
centrated sulphuric acid (1 cc. of concentrated acid and a few drops of urine)
a beautiful emerald-green color, which is probably due to naphthol-glucuronic
acid. Odoriferous bodies also pass into the urine. After asparagus the urine
acquires a digusting odor which is probably due to methylmercaptan. After
turpentine the urine may have a peculiar odor similar to that of violets.
VI. PATHOLOGICAL CONSTITUENTS OF URINE.
Proteid. The appearance of slight traces of proteid in normal urine
has been observed by many investigators, such as Posner Pl6sz, v.
Noorden, Leube, and others. According to K. Morner 4
proteid
regularly occurs as a normal urinary constituent to the extent of 22-78
1
Knoop, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 67; Embden and Schmitz, Bioch. Zeitschr., 29
and 38.
8
His, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 22; Cohn, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 18;
Hoshiai, ibid., 62; with Totani, ibid., 68; Abderhalden and collaborators, ibil.. .V.»
and 62.
5
Jaff<5, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 48; Takeda, Pfluger’s Arch., 133.
* Skand. Arch. f. Physiol., 6 (literature).
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