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822 URINE.
In regard to the formation of acetone bodies from fat it must be
remarked that glycerin has an antiketoplastic action, and that the
fatty acids can only be considered. As to the behavior of these in the
formation of acetone, Embden and Marx 1
have shown that only those
normal fatty acids which contain an even number of carbon atoms are
acetone formers, while those with an uneven number of carbon atoms
are without action in this regard. This is true at least for the acids from
n-decanoic acid to n-butyric acid, which latter is a strong acetone former.
As in diabetics a greater number of oxybutyric acid molecules can be
eliminated than corresponds to the number of fatty acid molecules decom-
posed, it seems as if more than one molecule of /3-oxybutyric acid is pro-
duced from one molecule of fatty acid. We cannot therefore admit
of a simple demolition of the fatty acids to butyric acid (by consecutive
oxidation attacks in the /3-position) , but rather a destruction of the fatty
acid molecules into several parts, and these take part in the formation of
/3-oxybutyric acid.
A synthetical formation of /3-oxybutyric acid has been accomplished by Geel-
muyden and others, but especially by Magnus-Levy, starting’ with acetaldehyde,
according to the hypothesis of Spiro. It is also interesting that Friedmann 2
has shown by perfusion experiments with livers that aldehyde ammonia, and to
a greater extent aldol, are acetone formers. It must therefore be admitted that
first a condensation of the aldehyde to aldol takes place, CH3 .COH-fCH3 .COH
= CH3 .CH(OH).CH2 .COH, and that /3-oxybutryic acid, CH3 .CH(OH).CH2 .COOH,
is formed from this by oxidation.
According to the above-mentioned perfusion experiments it must
be admitted that the liver is important in the formation of acetone
bodies, and Embden and Lattes have found that the ability of the liver
of the dog with pancreas diabetes or phloridzin diabetes to produce
acetone is much greater than the liver of the normal animal. On the
other hand, as shown by Embden and Michaud,3
in dogs and oxen the
liver also has a strong destructive action upon acetoacetic acid. A
similar action is also found in the kidneys, muscles and spleen of dogs
and pigs. The destructive action of fresh organs is much stronger upon
acetoacetic acid than upon acetone. They could not find any special
cleavage products, and the above-mentioned, so-called demolition may
therefore perhaps in part be a reformation of /3-oxybutyric acid from the
acetoacetic acid.
Acetone, C.3HoO, dimethylketone, CH3.CO.CH3, is a thin, water-
clear liquid, boiling at 56.3° and possessing a pleasant odor of fruit,
1
Hofmeister’s Beitriige, 11.
2
Geelmuyden, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 23 and 26; Magnus-Levy, Arch. f. exp.
Path. u. Pharm., 42; Friedmann, Hofmeister’s Beitriige, 11.
3
Embden and Lattes, Hofmeister’s Beitriige, 11; Embden and Michaud, ibid., 11.
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