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URINARY SEDIMENTS. 831
Calcium carbonate occurs in considerable quantities as sediment in
the urine of herbivora. It occurs in but small quantities as a sediment
in human urine, and in fact only in alkaline urines. It either has the
same appearance as amorphous calcium oxalate or it occurs as some-
what larger spheres with concentric bands. It dissolves in acetic acid
with the generation of gas, which differentiates it from calcium oxalate.
It is not yellow or brown like ammonium urate, and does not give the
murexid test.
Calcium sulphate occurs very rarely as a sediment in strongly acid urine. It
appears as long, thin, colorless needles, or generally as plates grouped together.
Calcium Phosphate. The calcium triphosphate, Ca3(P04) 2 , which
occurs only in alkaline urines, is always amorphous and occurs partly
as a colorless, very fine powder, and partly as a membrane consisting of
very fine granules. It differs from the amorphous urates in that it is
colorless, dissolves in acetic acid, but remains undissolved on warming
the urine. Calcium Diphosphate, CaHP04+2H20, occurs in neutral
or only in very faintly acid urine.1
It is found sometimes as a thin
film covering the urine and sometimes as a sediment. In crystallizing,
the crystals may be single, or they may cross one another, or they may
be arranged in groups of colorless, wedge-shaped crystals whose wide
end is sharply defined. These crystals differ from crystalline alkali
urates in that they dissolve without a residue in dilute acids and do not
give the murexid test.
Ammonium-magnesium phosphate, triple phosphate, may separate
from an amphoteric urine in the presence of a sufficient quantity of ammo-
nium salts, but it is generally characteristic of a urine which is ammo-
niacal through alkaline fermentation. The crystals are so large that they
may be seen with the unaided eye as colorless glistening particles in the
sediment, on the walls of the vessel, and in the film on the surface of the
urine. This salt forms large prismatic crystals of the rhombic system
(coffin-shaped) which are easily soluble in acetic acid. Amorphous
magnesium triphosphate, Mg3(P04)2, occurs with calcium triphosphate
in urines rendered alkaline by a fixed alkali. Crystalline magnesium
phosphate, Mg3(P04)2+22H20, has been observed in a few cases in
human urine (also in horse’s urine) as strongly refractive, long rhombic
plates.
As more rare sediments we fine* cystine, tyrosine, hippuric acid, xanthine, hama-
toidine. In alkaline urine blue crystals of indigo may also occur, due to a decom-
position of indoxyl-glucuronic acid.
1
In regard to the conditions for the appearance of these sediments in urines see
C. Th. Morner, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 58.
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