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834 URINE.
phoric acid and the alkaline earths. The triple-phosphate calculi generate
ammonia on the addition of an alkali.
Calcium-carbonate ^calculi occur chiefly in herbivora. They are seldom found
in man. They have mostly chalky properties, and are ordinarily white. They
are completely or in great part dissolved by acids with effervescence.
Cystine calculi occur but seldom. They are of primary formation, of various
sizes, sometimes as large as a hen’s egg. They have a smooth or rough surface,
are white or pale yellow, and have a crystalline fracture. They are not very
hard and are consumed almost entirely on the platinum foil, burning with a bluish
flame. They give the above-mentioned reactions for cystine.
Xanthine calculi are very rarely found. They are also of primary formation.
They vary from the size of a pea to that of a hen’s egg. They are whitish, yel-
lowish-brown or cinnamon-brown in color, of medium hardness, with amorphous
fracture, and on rubbing appear like wax. They burn up completely when heated
on a platinum foil. They give the xanthine reaction with nitric acid and alkali,
but this must not be mistaken for the murexid test.
Urostealith calculi have been observed only a few times. In the moist state
they are soft and elastic at the temperature of the body, but in the dry state
they are brittle, with an amorphous fracture and waxy appearance. They burn
with a luminous flame when heated on platinum foil and generate an odor similar to
resin or shellac. Such a calculus, investigated by Krukenberg, 1
consisted of
paraffin derived from a paraffin bougie used as a sound on the patient. Perhaps
the urostealith calculi observed in other cases had a similar origin, although the
substances of which they consisted have not been closely studied. Horbaczew-
ski has recently analyzed a case of urostealith which, to all appearances, was
formed in the bladder. This calculus contained 25 p. m. water, 8 p. m. inorganic
bodies, 117 p. m. bodies insoluble in ether, and 850 p. m. organic bodies soluble
in ether, among which were 515 p. m. free fatty acids, 335 p. m. fat, and traces of
cholesterin. The fatty acids consisted of a mixture of stearic, palmitic, and
probably myristic acids. -
Horbaczewski 2
has also analyzed a bladder stone which contained 958.7
p. m. cholesterin.
Fibrin calculi sometimes occur. They consist of more or less changed fibrin-
coagulum. On burning they develop an odor of burnt horn.
The chemical investigation of urinary calculi is of great practical impor-
tance. To make such an examination actually instructive it is necessary
to investigate, separately, the different layers which constitute the cal-
culus. For this purpose saw the calculus, previously wrapped in paper,
with a fine saw so that the nucleus becomes accessible. Then peel off the
different layers, or, if the stone is to be kept, scrape off enough of the
powder from each layer for examination. This powder is then tested by
heating on the platinum foil. It must not be forgotten that a calculus
is never entirely burnt up, and also that it is never so free from organic
matter that on heating it does not carbonize. Do not, therefore, lay too
great stress on a very insignificant unburnt residue or on a very small
l
Chem. Untersuch. z. wissensch. Med., 2. Cited from Maly’s Jahresber., 19, 422.
2 Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 18.
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