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898 METABOLISM.
basal requirement is the measure of the energy necessary for the per-
formance of all the functions necessary to maintain life during rest; and
all work above this minimum activity is called productive increase by
Magnus-Levy. The basal requirement is almost constant for the same
individual and serves as the starting point in the study of the action of
different influences such as work, food, diseased conditions, etc., upon
metabolism. The extent of this basal requirement, as determined by
the gas exchange according to the Zuntz-Geppert method, and by
Johansson l
and collaborators amounts in men of 60-70 kilos body
weight to about 220-250 cc. oxygen and 160-200 cc. carbon dioxide per
minute, which equals 20-24 grams carbon dioxide per hour. Johansson
found in forced complete muscular rest 20.7 grams CO2 per hour and 24.8
grams CO2 in the ordinary resting. Gigon 2
found about 23.4 grams
CO2 and 21 grams oxygen for the basal requirement. According to Mag-
nus-Levy the total daily metabolism can be calculated for the basal
requirement as 1625 calories, or including the rise due to the partaking
of food as 1800 calories. According to Gigon the basal requirement
consists of 15.22 per cent protein, 15-35.2 per cent carbohydrates and
44.5-70 per cent fat.
The food may be quantitatively insufficient, and the final result of
this is absolute inanition. The food may also be qualitatively insufficient
or, as we say, inadequate. This occurs when any of the necessary
nutritive bodies are absent in the food, while the others occur in sufficient
or perhaps even in excessive amounts.
Lack of Water in the Food. The quantity of water in the organism is
greatest during fcetal life and then decreases with increasing age. Nat-
urally, the quantity differs essentially in different organs. The enamel,
with only 2 p. m. water, is the tissue poorest in water, while the teeth
contain about 100 p. m. and the fatty tissue 60-120 p. m. water. The
bones, with 140-440 p. m., and the cartilage with 540-740 p. m. are
somewhat richer in water, while the muscles, blood and glands, with 750
to more than 800 p. m., are still richer. The quantity of water is even
greater in the animal fluids (see preceding chapter), and the adult body
contains in all about 630 p. m. water.3
It .follows from what has been
given in Chapter I in regard to the great importance of water for living
processes, that if the loss of water is not replaced by fresh supply, the
organism must succumb sooner or later. Death occurs indeed sooner
from lack of water than from complete inanition (Landauer, Nothwang).
1
The literature can be found in the works of Magnus-Levy and Loewy.
1
Johansson, Skand. Arch. f. Physiol., 7, 8, 21, and Nord. Med. Arch. Festband,
1897; see also Magnus-Levy; Gigon, Pfluger’s Arch., 140.
* See Voit, in Hermann’s Handbuch, 6, part 1, 345.
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