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FEEDING WITH FOOD-STUFFS AND LIPOIDS. S05
duce a sufficient growth with pea-legumin, zein, gliadin and hordein when
added to the other foodstuffs and protein-free milk. These experiments
showed that animals fed with gliadin as the only protein had the normal
ability to produce offspring and had the ability to produce milk necessary
for their food.
In another series of experiments it was shown that the protein-free
milk could be replaced by a proper mixture of salts and that the organic
constituents of such milk were not necessary. On feeding with fat, car-
bohydrates, casein and such a salt mixture they were able to attain
normal growth in a series of experiments of more than 80 or 100 days.
Growth was produced in the animals also in the absence of substances
soluble in ether (lipoids). This is remarkable, as according to the
observations and experiments of Stepp, lipoids are necessary for the
normal nutrition.
According to Stepp l
a food which is adequate but not quite genuine
for mice can be made genuine by the addition thereto of certain substances
soluble in alcohol-ether from milk, egg-yolk, brain, etc. These substances,
which are neither fat nor cholesterin, and which he calls lipoids, are partly
heat-labile and correspondingly lose their action by continuously boiling
with alcohol or by a lengthy boiling of the natural food-stuffs with alcohol
or water. A proper food for mice can be so changed by continuous
boiling with alcohol so that all animals fed with it die, while the changes
in the food brought about in this way can be counteracted by the lipoids
obtained under conditions where the lengthy action of heat is prevented.
Mice, which die with an otherwise sufficient food but free from lipoids
may be kept alive by the addition of the undestroyed lipoids to the
same food.
Recently it has been suggested that beside the foodstuffs in the ordinary
sense, other constituents of our food exist which are of the very greatest
importance for life. The investigations of Funk as well as those of
Suzuki, Shimamura and Odake on the constituents of rice-bran give a
specially striking proof of this. According to C. Funk 2
rice-bran contains
a substance called vitamine, C17H20X2O7, which belongs to the pyrimidine
group and which also occurs in yeast, milk residue and beef-brains. This
substance, which is absent in polished rice, causes the disease Beri-Beri
in man and polyneuritis in birds. Suzuki, Shimamura and Odake have
also isolated from rice-bran a substance which they call oryzanine, which
is soluble in alcohol and necessary for animal life. With mixtures of
protein, carbohydrates, fat and salts without oryzanine these investiga-
tors could not keep hens, pigeons and mice alive and dogs could not be
1
Bioch. Zeitschr., 22, and Zeitschr. f. Biol., 57 and 59.
2
C. Funk, Journ. of Physiol., 43 and 45; Suzuki, Shimamura and Odake, Biocb.
Zeitschr., 43.
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