Full resolution (JPEG) - On this page / på denna sida - Scandinavian Britain - III. The Norse Settlements - 3. Cumberland and Westmorland
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Westmorland, and the fact that armies from time
to time marched through the country, there is
singularly little to show in the way of fortifications
which can be attributed to the period. The Norse
settlers did not come as conquerors, entrenching
themselves against the natives, but as immigrants
seeking a livelihood. The negative evidence from
the absence of forts is supported by positive evidence
of place-names and dialect survivals. There are a few
places in which the already existing fortress is noticed
in the name, as the Borrowdales in Cumberland and
Westmorland (Borcheredale, in mediæval spelling,
i.e. Borgar-dalr), the Broughtons (that in Furness
apparently the Borch of Domesday), Brough-under-Stainmoor
(twelfth century Burc) and Burgh-by-Sands,
and there is one place near Windermere called Orrest
(Orrösta) i.e. the battle. But the Norse place-names
relate almost entirely to farming life or the natural
features of the country, except where they preserve a
settler’s name. Of this latter class are Osmotherley
(Ásmundar-ljá) ; Arnside (Arna-sætr) ; Ambleside
(Hamel-side or Amel-sate in the thirteenth century) ;
Arkleby (Arnkell’s bær) ; Bardsey (Berretseige, Domesday ;
Barröd’segg, edge); Burneside (Bronolves-hefd
or -helvd; Brynjólfs "claim"? or "share"?); Crosby
Ravensworth (Raven’s-waite or thwaite, twelfth century) ;
Eaglesfield (Eglesfield in Distributio Cumb., Egil’s) ;
Fins-thwaite ; Godderthwaite (Godröd’s) ;
Gunnerkeld (Gunnar’s) ; Hawkshead (Hawkenside,
Haukensehead, Hákon’s sætr or "claim") ; Hornsby
in Cumwhitton (Ormes-by in 1230); Kirkby Stephen
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