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FIRST GLIMPSE OF PORT ARTHUR 31
1. Sungshuh, a strong permanent fort.
2. Erhlung, a strong permanent fort.
3. Hackimaki-yama, semi-permanent bomb-proof trenches
skirting the comparatively large plateau.
4. West Panlung, a semi-permanent redoubt-shaped
work.
5. East Panlung, a semi-permanent redoubt-shaped
work.
6. “ P ” fort, a spur fortified in the same manner as
Hackimaki-yama.
7. North Kikuan, a strong permanent fort.
8. “ Q ” or Kuropatkin fort, a small semi-permanent
work, forming a kind of bastion in the later men-
tioned Chinese wall.
9. Kobu fort, a small redoubt-shaped, semi-permanent
work on an isolated hillock to the east of North
Kikuan.
10.
East Kikuan fort, on a high steep hill consisting of
two battery positions, separated by a short neck ;
the northern battery was a permanent work, built
in concrete, the southern a semi-permanent struc-
ture.
At North Kikuan the line of defence turns
suddenly south-eastwards along the eastern spurs
and foot-hills of Kikuan mountain. Most of these
had been fortified, partly in a permanent manner
but as little or no fighting took place here, it is
unnecessary to go into details. Together with
the above-mentioned defence-works they formed
the enceinte forts of the eastern section of the
fortress, extending in a semi-circle round the high
land to the south of Shuishi valley right down to
the sea. Here the strong permanent Laolitsui
fort, built to resist attacks from the sea as well as
from land, formed the transition to the sea forts,
of which the Golden Hill on the high cliff lifting
its tall, steep sides right up from the sea and
standing guard over the narrow entrance to the
harbour, was the strongest and best known.
The western side of this section of fortifications
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