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CLIMATE. 37
Table 7. Length of the Seasons at some Places in Sweden.
Station Jf Lat.) Dates when each season begins Length of the seasons in days
Winter Spring Summer Autumn Winter Spring [-Summer Autumn-] {+Sum- mer Au- tumn+}
Karesuando . 68°27’ 6 Oct. 9 Mav 21 June 17 Aug. 215 43 57 50
Jokkmokk . 66 36 11 Oct. 23 April 8 June 27 Aug. 194 46 80 45
Haparanda . 65 50 22 Oct. 26 April 8 June 4 Sept. 186 43 88 48
Umeå . . . 63 49 30 Oct. 17 April 4 June 7 Sept. 169 48 95 53
Sveg .... 62 3 23 Oct. 11 April 1 June 2 Sept. 170 51 93 51
Uppsala . . 59 51 15 Nov. 1 April 23 May 18 Sept. 137 52 118 58
Stockholm . 59 21 26 Nov. 27 March 23 Mav 24 Sept. 121 57 124 63
Örebro . . . 5916 20 Nov. 27 March 18 May 20 Sept. 127 52 125 61
Strömstad . 58 56 4 Dec. 20 March 14 May 28 Sept. 106 55 137 67
Jönköping . 57 47 5 Dec. 21 March 23 May 24 Sept. 106 63 124 72
Västervik . 57 46 11 Dec. 16 March 21 May 29 Sept. 95 66 131 73
Gothenburg . 57 42 27 Dec. 7 March 12 May 4 Oct. 70 66 145 84
Visby . . . 57 39 1 Jan. 16 March 28 May 2 Oct. 74 73 127 91
Växjö . . . 56 53 29 Nov. 21 March 17 May 23 Sept. 112 57 129 67
Lund . . . 55 42 21 Dec. 3 March 14 May 3 Oct. 72 72 142 79
touches both Sweden, Norway, and Finland. Here the mean temperature
for January is below — 16°, and, in unusually severe winters, has gone
down as low as —25-5°. In order to find so low a temperature for
January in any other part of Europe, we must go as far east as to
Petschora.
The facts mentioned above are graphically demonstrated on the two accompanying
maps, which show the mean temperatures in Sweden for the months of January
and July, during the period 1860—98. The isotherms on these maps show the
mean temperatures actually observed and not after reduction to sea level. This
explains the zig-zag course of the curves, which also approximately and roughly
indicate the orographic configuration of Sweden.
Above is given the Table 7 showing the various lengths of the seasons
at different places in Sweden. For the expression "seasons" we shall
assume the following definitions, which correspond pretty nearly to
what, in the popular opinion in Sweden, characterizes the four divisions
of the year there, though they are not applicable to a climate warmer
than the Swedish and are not in agreement with the terminology adopted
in meteorology. "Summer", then, is that part of the year during which
the mean daily temperature of any place is higher than 10°; "winter", the
time when this temperature remains below freezing point, and "autumn"
and "spring", the intermediate periods.
In the northernmost part of Sweden, therefore, summer does not begin before
midsummer time and lasts scarcely two months, autumn commencing about
the middle of August. In the south- and south-western littoral districts, on
the other hand, summer begins towards the middle of May and lasts until the
first days in October, the length of the summer in this part of Sweden,
consequently, being about 4, and, in some places, as much as 4 V2 months.’j
1 As regards the longitude east from Greenwich and the height above the sea, both of
which, of course, are here of great importance, see Table 5.
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