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54
I. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Rhæt-Lias. The deposits belonging respectively to the uppermost strata
of the Keuper (the Rhætic) and the lower section of the Jurassic System
(Lias), which, owing to their intimate connexion, have received the joint
designation of Rhæt-Lias, include not only the coal-bearing formation of
Skåne but also the more or less coarse deposit of so-called Hör sandstone.
The Skåne Coal-bearing Formation is distributed over three districts of a
total area of 800 sq.km, the northern and largest one embracing the country
lying between Höganäs, Billesholm and Landskrona; the central district lying
round Eslöv Railway Junction and Stabbarp; and the southern district extending
as a narrow belt along the boundary of the Silurian System from Lake Vombsjön
to the neighbourhood of Ystad. The formation contains alternating layers of
mostly finegrained sandstones, clays varying in colour between grey and black,
some among them being refractory, fire-clay, grey, greyish-yellow and black shales,
and coal, as well as sporadically occurring strata and nodules of clay-ironstone.
In the country between Höganäs and Hälsingborg a thickness of the strata
amounting to 200 meters has been noted, while at Skromberga, SE of
Hälsingborg, i. e. on the south-east outcrops of the northern coal-bearing district, the
thickness is merely 20 or 30 meters.
The coal-seams are as a rule of very moderate thickness; only the two
lowermost ones are of such a constitution and thickness that they can be profitably
mined. From one or other of these two seams the coal is obtained at the mines
now in working at Höganäs, Billesholm, Bjuv, Skromberga, Hyllinge, Ormastorp
and Gunnarstorp, which are all situated in the northern of the three coal-bearing
districts above enumerated. Statistics for 1910 show that altogether a total of
302 786 tons of coal, 140 607 tons of fire-clay, and 67 252 tons of clinker-clay
were brought to the surface during that year. The thickness of the coal-seams
runs in general from 0’3 to 1"0 meter; as a rule the seams are accompanied by
fireclays or shales, which are mined along with the coal; they yield raw material
for what has become a very considerable manufacture of fire-proof bricks, pipes,
tiles, etc.
In the lower strata of the coal-bearing formation from the Rhætic epoch,
which were deposited on a marshy shore, there are found in a state of good
preservation remains of land-plants belonging to the tropical and sub-tropical
vegetation of vascular cryptogams, cycadophytes, gingko-plants and coniferous trees
(foliferous trees were wanting), which grew and throve at that time and yielded
material for the coal-seams; on the other hand, in the upper series of strata
formed in the Liassic epoch, which in the main is of marine origin and does
not contain any coal-seams worth mentioning, there also occur certain marine
fossils, principally molluscs.
Hör sandstone is quarried in several places, yielding mainly millstones.
The Cretaceous System. Deposits belonging to the two youngest stages
of this system, viz. Danian and Senonian, extend through a considerable
part of south-western Skåne and through a large area of the north-eastern
part of the province and the adjoining part of Blekinge.
The deposits found in south-west Skåne consist firstly of chalk proper (white
chalk), secondly of limestones (Coccolite or Saltholm limestone, Coral or Faxe
limestone and Bryozoan limestone), occurring in the country lying between
Landskrona, Malmö and Trälleborg, and stretching towards Romeleåsen, thirdly
of a marly sandstone (Köpinge sandstone) found in the neighbourhood of Ystad,
and fourthly of a species of marl found near Eriksdal and Kullemölla on the
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