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NAVY. 259
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and sudden revolutions in naval materiel which threw so many small countries
out of gear. In the sixties and seventies a few small ironclads and a number
of gunboats were procured by Sweden; but this was but a sorry compensation
for the good old fleets of former times, especially as the personnel had repeatedly
been cut down.
It was not till the Parliamentary Commission of 1882 that the Swedish navy
again began to lift up its head. They decided on a new type of ironclad of
greater displacement and seaworthiness, higher speed, and more powerful guns.
The progress was, indeed, slow until 1895, but since then more and more rapid;
in 1899 the Riksdag voted a grant for the building of 3 new ironclads; in
1900 to 1903 it was decided to build 2 more ironclads and 1 armoured cruiser.
Since then, however, only minor unarmoured vessels (torpedo boats and mining
vessels) have been added to the navy. As the development of other navies
during this period has been more vigorous than ever before, the Swedish navy
has dropped behind. However, by private munificence large funds have been
collected for the building of a new ironclad of a far more powerful type than
before. The building of this vessel, the Sverige, of the "F" class, began at the
close of 1912. And the Riksdag in 1911 has voted means for 2 similar ships
besides 4 destroyers and a number of submarines.
Since 1902 Marinen, or the -Navy in its widest sense, comprises the Fleet
and the Coast Artillery under a joint Supervisory Board (överstyrelse).
The latter consists, next to the King, of the Navy Minister, the Navy
Board (Marinförvaltningen), the Chief of the Navy Staff (Marinstaben),
the Inspector of the Navy Manoeuvres, the Navy Engineer-in-Chief
(Marinöverdirektören), the Navy Intendant-in-Chief (Mannöverintendenten)
and the Navy Surgeon-in-Chief (Marinöverläkaren). When the King so
appoints, the Navy Minister, under the King and in his name, exercises
command over the Navy. The Sjöförsvarsdepartement or Department for
Naval Defence deals with all matters relating to the Navy, with the
exception of kommandomål. or Orders, which belong tho the Kommandoexpedition,
or Order Office of the Department. The officials of the Department for
Naval Defence are 1 Under-Secretary of State, 2 Permanent Secretaries,
1 registrar, and a number of clerks. A regimental officer of the Navy,
assisted by 3 adjutants, is placed in command of the Order Office. The
Marinförvaltningen, or Navy Board, is a Central Board, which in
technical and economical matters exercises supervision over the Navy, subject
to the control of the Navy Department. It consists of 1 director (chef).
who is a flag-officer or commodore, and 9 members, who are the heads of
the nine sections of the Board, namely the Artillery, Torpedo, Mines,
Nautical, Fortification, Engineer, Commissariat, Sanitation, and Civil
Sections. In the Navy Board are also employed various officers and
civil-military officials and some 20 civilian officials.
Marinstaben, or the Navy Staff, which was permanently organized
in 1896, is under a Director (chef) of the rank of flag-officer or
commodore. It works in four Sections, namely the Mobilization, the
Communications, the Organization, and the Foreign Sections, each under its
own head (a regimental officer of the fleet), and with altogether about
25 officers of the Navy.
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