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328
III. CONSTITUTION AND ADMINISTRATION.
degeneration among the educated classes came in their wake; this showed itself
especially during the years of national humiliation and distress, 1808—10.
Rationalistic ideas did not penetrate deeply among the people at large; religious
movements of the people — the influence of pietism — appeared sporadically
in the second half of the 18th century in the shape of the orthodox
conservative old school (gammalläsarna) in Norrland, and several revivalist preachers about
the end of the century.
Emanuel Swedenborg.
The great natural scientist, Emanuel Swedenborg (son of Jesper Svedberg,
1688—1772,) came forward in his later years as the revealer of the Bible’s
spiritual meaning; he was endowed with personal piety, the outcome of pietism
and rationalism, and showed a strong inclination to occult spiritualism. His
followers organized themselves in England after his death as a special
community, "The New Church". Religious cravings among the educated during the
period of rationalism often found an outlet in the tenets of Swedenborg and in
Moravianism.
With the second decade of the 19th century a religious awakening began.
Rationalistic ideas were combated in the literature of the new romanticists, on
the philosophic side by Erik Gustav Geijer (1783—1847), who later became the
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