Full resolution (JPEG) - On this page / på denna sida - IV. Education and Mental Culture. Introd. by P. E. Lindström - 1. Elementary Education. By J. M. Ambrosius - Educational Sloyd. By P. E. Lindström
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educational sloyd.
363
to 1914 is 6 441. The following table shows how they are distributed among
the several countries of the world.
Sweden . . . . 4 740
Norway . . . . 127
Denmark . . 97
Iceland . . . 5
Finland . . . 94
Russia . . . . 56
Poland . . . 15
England . . . . 529
Scotland . . . . 229
Ireland . . . . 8
In Sweden sloyd teaching on educative lines is mainly for boys ranging from
10 to 14 years of age; as woodwork sloyd is the most suitable form of manual
labour for lads at that time of life, the teaching at Nääs is confined to that
branch. In some schools there is indeed a certain amount of teaching work
done in cardboard and metalwork sloyd, in lathe-turning and in wood-carving.
Educational sloyd lays claim to a place on the school curriculum as being
an essential factor in a youth’s general all-round education. The object it
sets itself to accomplish is not to turn out so many carpenters or other
handicraftsmen. On the contrary, what it seeks to do is to contribute
materially to the schoolboy’s moral, intellectual, and physical development, by
accustoming him to cultivate orderliness, attentiveness, and perseverance in his
work, by training his eye to see more accurately and his hand to execute more
skilfully, and perhaps most of all by affording him a means, additional to his
physical drill and gymnastics, of counteracting the ill effects of an undue
concentration on intellectual work, which school-life too often brings in its train.
"Non multum, sed bene" is the motto of educational sloyd; the child is not
therefore expected to. produce a large number of big articles, but rather to give
evidence of the greatest attainable accuracy in the execution of the articles he
has made, a result that is sought to be attained by allotting comparatively
simple tasks to the early stages and passing the pupil on by slow degrees and
evenly progressing succession to more difficult and complicated pieces of work.
The basis of the Nääs method is the series of so-termed "Exercises." By the
term "Exercise" in this connection is to be understood the modifying of the
material by means of one or more tools in a prescribed way and for a prescribed
end or object. Theoretically speaking, the number of such "Exercises" may be
of course very large indeed, but for the working out of a sloyd method that
shall be adapted for practical teaching purposes a definite limitation is obligatory;
hence the Nääs method embraces, as a matter of fact, only 68 "Exercises" of the
kind indicated. As far as is feasible, the work turned out should combine
practical utility with at any rate a fair degree of beauty of form; the articles made
by the children ought also as a general rule to be things that can be put to
actual use at home, either by themselves or by their parents, thereby serving to
strengthen in an appreciable degree the links uniting school and home. Articles
of a purely ornamental character must be rigorously excluded from the list of
suitable models.
Educational sloyd furthermore seeks to call forth individual activity on the
part of the pupils and to train their powers of observation and reflection. By
causing practice to precede theory, by letting execution come before explanation
of the why and wherefore, the teacher leads the child on to think his own
thoughts while accomplishing his own work independently. A factor contributory
to this end is the prevailing rule: the teacher shall guide and superintend
the boys at their tasks but be on his guard against carrying out any part of the
Holland.....106
Belgium..... 9
France..... 8
Germany .... 65
Switzerland ... 6
Austria.....67
Hungary .... 33
Roumania . . .18
Serbia...... 1
Bulgaria .... 16
Montenegro .... 1
Greece......5
Italy.......17
Spain......1
Portugal.....3
Egypt......5
Abyssinia ... 1
South Africa ... 5
India......7
Siam.......10
Japan . . 2
Philippines ... 1
United States . . 138
Canada ..........2
Cuba............5
Brazil..........2
Uruguay .... 2
Argentina .... 3
Chile............1
Australia .... 1
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