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swedish gymnastics.
425
ing, perspective with drawing, figure drawing, wood carving, chasing and
engraving, form and ornamentation, artistic needlework and weaving, lace-making,
leather work, book-binding, and other subjects.
F) Finally, we may mention the Lower Technical Trade-Schools, at
present about 80 in number,’ which have been established through the
initiative of individual municipalities, but most of which also enjoy State
support. It is natural that these schools should give instruction varying
according to the local requirements and conditions. It may, however, be
stated generally that they are intended to provide suitable instruction for
persons who are engaged as apprentices or workmen in trades or
handicrafts, and who desire to acquire certain technical or commercial
knowledge.
The lowest age-limit for admission is generally 14 years, and the education
necessary is that of an elementary school. In most schools the course extends
over one year. Generally it is left to the pupil to choose what subjects he
will study. Instruction is principally given in the evenings, and on Sunday
morning. The teaching year generally comprises 30 weeks.
The subjects of instruction are: The Swedish language with spelling and
composition, handwriting, handprinting, etc., book-keeping, arithmetic, algebra,
geometry, perspective and shading, freehand drawing, geometrical and mechanical
drawing, technical drawing and designing etc. In certain schools are added
physics, chemistry and electrical engineering, commercial correspondence, etc.,
artistic needlework and weaving, theoretical and applied mechanics, etc. The
State grant to these schools at present amounts to 90 000 kronor, and of this
sum about 70 of the schools receive amounts varying between a minium of 200
kronor and a maximum of 6 000 kronor.
The schools work quite independently of each other, but are under the
supervision of an inspector appointed by the State, which post is at present held by
the Principal (rektor) of the Technical School of Stockholm.
The report of June 11th, 1912, addressed to the Government by the Royal
Committee appointed on October 4th, 1907, for the purpose of drawing up
proposals with regard to lower technical instruction, contains a complete
reorganization scheme for this department. It will not be necessary to give
particulars here, the proposal being still under deliberation by the competent
authorities.
5. SWEDISH GYMNASTICS.
Swedish gymnastics derive their origin from Per Henrik Ling (1776—
1839). Before his time, it is true, interest had been awakened in favour of
a more thorough exercise of the body. Various writers, as well as school
committees, had urged the importance of athletic exercises in the training
of the young, and both the Swedish universities had their fencing masters;
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