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the nobel foundation (nobelstiftelsen).
467
The prizes are distributed annually (for the first time 1901) on the festival
day of the Foundation, i. e. December 10 (the anniversary of the testator’s
death). To become a candidate for one of these prizes, it is necessary to be
proposed in writing by a person competent to do so (personal applications are
not considered). The right of proposing a candidate for a prize is held both
by Swedish and foreign promoters of culture, in accordance with detailed
instructions issued by Government. — The proposal of a candidate should be
accompanied by those works and other documents upon which it is based. The recipient
of a prize, if possible within six months of Dec. 10, shall in Stockholm
(as regards the prize for peace, in Christiania) give a public lecture on the work
that has gained the prize. — No work shall be awarded a prize, unless by
experience or expert examination it be deemed of such pre-eminent importance
as is plainly indicated by the will. Should no work under consideration be
deemed worthy of the prize, the money shall be held until the following year.
What is to be done, if the prize cannot then be awarded, is indicated below.
The amount of a prize can be divided between two works. If two or more
persons have together produced a work, the prize is divided among them. Every
awarding body has a right to decide to what extent the prize under its control
may be conferred on institutions or associations.
A the commencement of operations the amount necessary for suitable
administration premises was taken, together with 300 000 kronor for each
prize-group — involving 1 500 000 kronor — for the expanses of organizing the Nobel
Institute. From the annual proceeds of the main fund, a tenth part shall be
added to the capital; of the remainder, each group shall dispose of one-fifth. One
fourth of this sum will be set aside for the immediate expenses of awarding the
prizes and for the Nobel Institutes and the remainder is given to the five Nobel
prize takers. The sum will of course vary according to rate of interest, etc.
In consequence of the fall in interest the amount given in prizes has, indeed,
fallen, so that from 150 782 in 1901, it had fallen to 143 010 in 1913.
If a prize cannot be awarded for two years consecutively (see above), the
amount of the prize shall be added to the main fund. Three-fourths of those
taking part in the decision may, however, determine that the sum shall instead
be set aside as a special fund for the prize-group in question. The proceeds
of such a fund may be used — otherwise than as prizes — to advance those
objects ultimately aimed at by the testator.
The following have been awarded Nobel prizes:
In Physics: W. C. Röntgen (1901), H. A. Lorentz and P. Zeeman (1902),
H. A. Becquerel, P. Curie and Marie Curie (1903), Lord J. W. S. Rayleigh
(1904), Ph. Lenard (1905), J. J. Thomson (1906), A. A. Michelson (1907), G.
Lippmann (1908), G. Marconi and F. Braun (1909), J. D. van der Waals
(1910), W. Wien (1911), G. Dalén (1912), and H. Kamerlingh Onnes (1913);
In Chemistry: J. H. van’t Hoff (1901), E. Fischer (1902), S. A. Arrhenius
(1903), Sir William Ramsay (1904), A. von Baeyer (1905), H. Moissan (1906),
E. Buchner (1907), E. Rutherford (1908), W. Ostwald (1909), O. Wallach
(1910), Marie Curie (1911), V. Grignard and P. Sabatier (1912), and A.
Werner (1913);
In Medicine: E. A. von Behring (1901), R. Ross (1902), N. R. Finsen (1903),
I. Petrowitj Pawlow (1904), R. Koch (1905), C. Golgi and S. Ramon y Cajal
(1906), C. L. A. Laveran (1907), P. Ehrlich and E. Metchnikoff (1908), Th.
Kocher (1909), A. Kossel (1910), Allvar Gullstrand (1911), A. Carrel (1912),
and Ch. Richet (1913);
In Literature: R. F. A. Sully Prudhomme (1901), Th. Mommsen (1902),
Björnstjerne Björnson (1903), F. Mistral and J. Echegaray (1904), H. Sien-
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