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archeology, numismatics, swedish ethnography, and folk-lore. 553
Middle Ages, Genealogy). In the biographical field we should mention H.
Wieselgren (1835—1906) and Ellen Fries (1855—1900), and in the history of warfare, A.
Eammar sk] ölcl (1848—1908). — At present working in the University of Uppsala
is H. Hjärne (born 1848; general historian, student of Sclavonic history, a
distinguished teacher), S. Boethius (1850; period of Sigismund and Charles IX, history
of the French Revolution, political science), N. Edén (born 1871; administrative
and constitutional history of 16th and 17th centuries), L. Stavenow (born 1864;
the history of 18th century), at Lund University, S. Clason (born 1867 ; domestic
history of 17th century, beginning of 19th), A. Stille (born 1863; history of
warfare, and of Charles XII), at Stockholm University, O. Varenius (born 1857;
Swedish constitutional history), at Gothenburg University H. Almquist (born 1880,
politics of Sweden in Eastern Europe), R. Kjellén (born 1864; Swedish politics and
constitutional history). In addition should be noted E. Hildebrand (history of 16th
century, and constitutional history of Sweden), C. Annerstedt (born 1839 ; history of
civilization), G. Björlin (born 1845 ; history of warfare), N. Höjer (born 1853;
constitutional), N. Wimarson (born 1872; war and diplomacy in 17th century); R.
Fåhraeus (born 1865; 17th century), C. Hallendorff (born 1869; Charles XII),
T. Höjer (born 1876; Middle Ages) editor of the Historical Review from 1906,
E. Heckscher (born 1879, economic history of Sweden) and other younger students.
Popular scientific writers are found in O. Sjögren (born 1844), E. Svensén
(born 1850), and C. Grimberg (born 1875). — The historical Department of the
General Staff has for several decades been occupied on an exhaustive account
of the wars of Sweden (beginning with the war with Russia 1808 — 09). Active
research-work is being carried on also in the history of the church, economics, law,
literature, science, archaeology, and many other departments of historical science.
Besides The Swedish Historical Review, various journals have come into
existence, dealing with different departments of historical investigation, e. g., The
Magazine of Personal Histories, Magazine of Swedish Church History, Journal
of Economics, Political Science Review, The Collector (for Swedish literary
history), The Antiquary’s Friend, etc.
As a general opinion, it may be maintained that at present Swedish historical
writing is in process of rapid and versatile development.
Archeology, Numismatics, Swedish Ethnography, and Folk-lore.
The interest in Swedish antiquities and archeological remains dates from the
17th century. The archeology of that day, whose foremost representative was the
talented Olof Rudbeck the Elder (1630—1702), was too fantastical and chauvinistic
to attain to any certain results. Good copies of runic stones were nevertheless
made by Joh. Bureus (1568—1652), Joh. Hadorph (1630—93). Truly scientific
archeological research did not begin in Sweden, as in Denmark, until 1830. The
Swedish founders of this science were professor Sven Nilsson (1787—1883) at Lund
and B. E. Hildebrand (1806—84) the King’s Custodian of Antiquities, at
Stockholm. Nilsson was properly a zoologist, and he introduced into archeology the
comparative method of the natural sciences. His description of culture during the
stone age is of abiding value. Hildebrand, who was the head of the Historical
State Museum for more than 40 years, worked zealously for the increase of those
collections of the museum which are now among the most considerable of their
kind in Europe. His pupils and successors as State antiquaries, H. Hildebrand
(1842—1913), the son, and Oscar Montelius (born 1843), have both, and especially
the latter, contributed in an essential degree towards the development of system
and method in prehistoric science. They introduced into archeology the so-called
typological method, which aims at showing the gradual metamorphosis in form
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