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iv. education and . mental culture.
(born 1847), Uppsala University and Medico-Surgical Institute, Stockholm,
has carried out numerous scientific investigations into nervous and especially
brain diseases (Pathologie des Gehirns, 4 vols, 1890—1911), and has also written
works on heart-diseases and tuberculosis. J. G. Edgren (born 1849), of Stockholm,
has published investigations concerning diseases of the heart and blood-vessels.
In Uppsala O. V. Petersson (1844—1912) prosecuted studies respecting the
diagnostics of affections of the heart, albuminuria, and tuberculosis. In
Lund 8. Bibbing (born 1845) lectured on clinical medicine as does Karl Petrén
(born 1868), the author of numerous medical works. T. Hellström (born 1857)
has made investigations on the treatment of diphtheria by serum. T. Stenbeck
(1864—1914) invented the sedimentator. Israel Holmgren (born 1871) professor
in Stockholm, has investigated the physiology and clinical importance of the
thyroid gland; Gunnar Forssner (1876—1915) is at present professor at Uppsala.
During the latter half of the nineteenth century several specialities have been
taken up in Sweden. Pediatrics, the father of which was Rosenstein, was
established as a modern science by Fr. T. Berg (1806—87; works concerning
thrush and other subjects), and in his footsteps Hj. Abelin (1817—93) and A.
Kjellberg (1828—84) followed both as teachers and promoters of this science,
as also 0. Medin (born 1847), who has treated of infantile paralysis, and 0. I.
Wickman (1872—1914), who made very important investigations into the same
disease. The knowledge of venereal diseases has been furthered by works
published by E. L. Ödmansson (1831 —1910), the last on syphilis congenita, and
E. V. Welander (born 1846), who has made investigations on the absorption of
mercury by the human system and its excretion from it, and has discovered
new methods of treatment. L. M. Möller (1857—1912) was a distinguished
investigator of venereal diseases.
The scientific study of mental diseases was started in Sweden in 1859
by N. G. Kjellberg (.1827—93), who opened the first psychiatrical clinic at
Uppsala. Nervous disorders have been treated by Fr. Lennmalm (born
1858), H. Koster (born 1858), and several younger specialists. The oldest
Swedish mineral wells were analyzed by Urban Hjärne (1641—1724). J. 0.
Lagberg (1789 —1856) introduced the modern water cure. Balneology and
climatical therapeutics have been advanced practically and scientifically,
especially by C. Curman (1833—1913), who has analyzed the climatical conditions
and the watering-place, properties of the West Coast of Sweden, as also by A.
Levertin (born 1843). E. G. Johnson (1852—1914) applied himself to the treatment
of stomach disorders, and O. G. Wetterstrand (1845—1907) to hypnotism.
In Sweden until the middle of the eighteenth century Surgery used to be
practised as a trade by men who were designated barbers and barber-surgeons.
At about that date there penetrated to the country the scientific spirit that the
rise and development of anatomy called into existence. Olof af Acrel (1717—
1806), very eminent both in theory and practice, is rightly regarded as the father
of surgery in Sweden. In 1797 the so-called Surgical Society was brought to
an end and in 1810 the R. Caroline Medico-Surgical Institute was established in
Stockholm. Those two events brought in their train the removal of the old
barrier existing between physicians and surgeons; from that time forward a
Swedish doctor was expected to be possessed of both theoretical and practical
knowledge of medicine and surgery. The honour of having introduced into Sweden
well-organised clinico-surgical instruction belongs to K. J. Ekströmer (1793—
1860). The work he began was pursued by C. G. Santesson (1819—86), a
distinguished teacher and clever surgeon. K. J. Rossander (1828—1901) worked
at his side, chiefly as an ophthalmologist. At the universities surgery was longer
in obtaining representatives of its own than in Stockholm. In Uppsala K. B.
Mesterton (1826—89) was a pioneer clinical teacher, as was K. J. Ask (1825—
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