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iv. education and . mental culture.
verv successfully carried ou by Swedish botanists such as B. Lidforss and B.
Nilsson-Ehle (b. 1873) and several others. S. Axell (1843—92) acquired a great
reputation as a botanical biologist and A. N. Lundström (1847—1906) became
known by his investigations oil the symbiosis between plants and animals,
whilst B. Sernander has specially studied plants’ methods of spreading. A. G.
Nathorst is one of the leading botanical palæontologists of the present time,
and among his followers may be specially mentioned Th. Halle (b. 1884).
Quite recently, scientific botany has been to a great extent put to practical
use. In the sphere of agricultural botany, J. Eriksson has worked for a long
time on the diseases of plants. The Swedish Seed Association ("Sveriges
Utsädesförening") works on scientific principles and with great success towards an
improvement in the varieties of seed and of cultivated plants; its scientific
director is Hj. Nilsson (b. 1856) while H. Nilsson-Ehle, H. Tedin (b. 1860) and H.
Viitte (b. 1877) are on its scientific staff. At the State Forestry Experimental
Establishment there is a special scientific department for the study of forest
biology; botanical research has been carried out in this institute by G.
Anders-son, H. Hesselman, T. Lagerberg (b. 1882) and N. Sylvén (b. 1880). At the
Moor Culture Association E. Haglund (b. 1877) is engaged as botanist.
Sweden possesses two botanical journals, namely "Botaniska Notiser" which,
with a few brief interruptions, has appeared since 1839, and "Svensk Botanisk
Tidskrift" which has been published since 1907. Botanical works are in
addition published in the proceedings of several learned societies, particularly in the
proceedings of the Academy of Sciences, in the "Archiv för Botanik" and in the
"Acta Horti Bergiani". Botanical works affecting practical questions are
published in the reviews published by the Academy of Agriculture, the Forest
Conservation Association, the Moor Culture Association, and the Seed Association.
Agricultural Science.
In this connection a short account can be given, too, of that important ally
of agriculture which is found in agricultural science when systematically
pursued. The first traces of the application of theory to agriculture can be found
in such private journals as Per Brake’s "Household-book" (1581) and Ralamb’s
"A Nobleman’s Exercises" (1690), but it was not until about the middle of
the eighteenth century that any real efforts were made in the direction
mentioned, appearing then in conjunction with the newly awakened interest in
rural economy and natural science. While Jakob Faggot (1699—1777), Chief
Director of the Land-Surveying Service and Secretary, in 1742, of the Academy
of Sciences, by means of his celebrated pamphlets "Hindrances and Helps to
Swedish Agriculture" and "On the Disease and Cure of the General Situation",
gave rise to the epoch-making general and separate repartition of land" (Sw.
storskifte och enskifte; v. p. H, 31), and while Jonas Alströmer (1685—1761) and
his sons were giving fresh impulses to cattle-breeding in Sweden, both by means
of writings and lectures, two Finlanders, A. Gadd (1727—97) and P. J. Bladh
(1746—1816), were working in the same direction, and Joh. Fischerström
(1735—96), a member of the Academy of Sciences, was publishing his "New
Swedish Dictionary of Agricultural Economy" and his "Observations concerning
Swedish farm-management, Public and Private". Meanwhile, chairs in
Agricultural Economy had been founded at the Universities of Uppsala and Lund
in the years 1740, 1750, and 1759, but without any very tangible results.
About the same period, however, great Swedish natural scientists began to
turn their attention to questions concerning this, the main industry of the nation.
C. von Linné (Linnaeus; 1707—98), whose writings often contain numerous
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