Full resolution (JPEG) - On this page / på denna sida - IV. Education and Mental Culture. Introd. by P. E. Lindström - 11. Science - Meteorology and Hydrography. By N. Ekholm and A. Wallén - Scientific Travels. Geography. By O. Nordenskjöld
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iv. education and mental culture.
1913), O. Pettersson (b. 1848), G. Ekman (b. 1852), J. V. Sandström (b. 1874),
H. Pettersson (b. 1888) and others, with the assistance, as far as the biological
part of the work is concerned, of K. Aurivillius (1854—99), P. T. Cleve (1840
—1905), F. Trybom (1850—1913), and others. During the period from 1893
to 1901, these investigations were conducted by a hydrographical commission
under the supervision of the Academy of Sciences. Since 1901, however, they
have been carried out, in accordance with a common international scheme,
under the direction of the Hydrographical Biological Commission, which was
established by a decree of the Government on January 25th, 1901. Besides
Sweden, Russia, Finland, Germany, Denmark, Norway, England, Belgium,
Holland and the United States take part in this international work. To Mr 0.
Pettersson is mainly due the credit for this organization; at a hydrographical
congress which met at Stockholm in 1889 he brought forward the plan of
conducting investigations on an international basis. By his numerous scientific
works and by the invention of new apparatus for carrying out the
investigations, he has also contributed to a great extent to the valuable theoretical and
practical results that have been obtained.
A. Hamberg (b. 1863), F. Åkerblom (b. 1869), N. von Hofsten (b. 1881), and
others have likewise contributed to the development of the science of
oceanography, by means of hydrographical investigations in the Arctic seas.
In view of the fact that hydrographical research in the rivers and lakes of
Sweden is not only of scientific interest, but also of great importance for
agriculture, industry, forestry, navigation, road building hydraulic engineering,
etc., support has been granted since 1870 by the State, agricultural societies,
communes, and private persons to such research, and works on the subject
have been published by 0. Appelberg (1852—1902), G. Nerman (1827—1913),
L. Rosén (b. 1843), J. G. Richert (b. 1857), 0. Z. Ekdahl (b. 1858), 7. E.
Lilienberg (b. 1839), A. Hamberg (b. 1863), A. Wallén (b. 1877), A. Hennig
(b. 1864), J. Westman (b. 1867), R. Smedberg (b. 1880), J. V. Sandström (see
above), and others. It was only in the Riksdag of 1907 that a systematic
organization of these investigations throughout the whole country was decided
upon and it was decreed by a Royal letter of November 15th of the same year
that a hydrographical investigation of the Swedish inland waters should be
conducted under the direction of a Hydrographical Bureau established specially for
the purpose, with cooperation of the State Central Meteorological Office as
regards the requisite meteorological observations, and of the Geological Survey
of Sweden as regards special hydro-geological investigations. A. Wallén (see
above) was appointed the first director of the bureau. The new organization is
now fully established and the results are published in the form of annual reports,
descriptions of rivers and communications, in addition to which the bureau
cooperates with the Board of Waterfalls in the publication of a work which will
gradually embrace the waterfalls of the entire country.
It is also of importance for hydrographical research that a chair in
oceanography was established in 1914 at the Gothenburg University, the first professor
to be appointed being H. Pettersson (see above).
Scientific Travels. Geography.
Ever since the days of the Vikings, travel in unknown, remote regions seems
to have offered special attractions to Swedes, and never more so than now
Yet these journeys have not always aimed at direct geographical discovery and
investigation, though, the other hand, it is certain that not many nations, in
comparison to their numbers, have sent out so many exploring expeditions in
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