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60 iii. rural husbandry.
Table 17. Imports and Exports of Wheat. Quintals.
Annually Imports Export S Excess of imp. (—), eip. ( + )
grain flour total’ grain flour totall
1816—20..... 14 989 51 15 057 537 570 1297 — 13 760
1821—40..... 1456 104 1595 5 423 1 889 7 942 + 6 347
1841—60 ..... 17 370 5 384 24 549 35 558 817 36 647 + 12 098
1861-80 ..... 32 985 178 416 270 873 78 684 17 019 101370 - 169 497
1881—90 ..... 459 427 283 904 837 966 9 593 44194 68 518 — 769 448
1891-00 ..... 1 253 356 159 168 1465 580 271 8 435 11518 — 1454 062
1901—10..... 1 969 990 75 776 2 071025 701 831 1809 — 2 069 216
1911....... 1 723 597 70 356 1817 405 1611 5 016 8299 - 1 809 106
1912....... 1 710 540 66 045 1798 600 2 094 4 394 7 953 — 1 790 647
1913....... 1 998 153 86 834 2113932 — 2 066 2 754 — 2 111 178
1 The flour is here increased by l/s of its weight, in order to reduce it to unground grain
spring wheat chiefly in Halland and in the southern parts of the Läns of
Älvs-borg and Kalmar, spring rye mostly in Småland and Blekinge and in the Läns
of Kristianstad and Älvsborg. Of the entire cultivated area in 1911, 487 730
hectares, or 13"3 %, were devoted to winter seed; 1 188 487 hectares, or 33
to spring seed.
Of wheat, which is cultivated practically only on the clayey plains and chiefly
in Skåne, Gottland, Öster- and Västergötland, and in the provinces round Lake
Mälaren, there were formerly cultivated chiefly old native sorts suited to the
climate, but which gave somewhat poor returns. During the last two decades,
several selected kinds of this grain, derived chiefly from the Swedish Seed
Association’s cultivation establishment at Svalöv and some of these improved
kinds of grain, such as the grenadier- and extra squarehead wheat have, in
Skåne, for the most part supplanted the ordinary native wheat. Farther
to the north, where the climate is a more severe one, there have also been
tried new sorts of wheat, selected at Svalöv, such as "selected squarehead"
(Sw. renodlad squarehead), Bore- and Poodle-wheat, which surpass the ordinary
sorts as far as regards productiveness, but these improved sorts being less hardy
than the old native sorts, they have not ousted the latter, which still predominate;
among these are, for example, in the Lake Mälaren districts, a white-eared velvet
wheat, mixed with a red-eared smooth wheat, while here and there, on stiff
soils, in Skaraborg Län especially, the very stiff-strawed club-wheat is much
cultivated.
Rye is cultivated very generally in Southern and Central Sweden, on all
soils, but especially on loam-, sand- and gravelly land. On the whole, rye
occupies a greater area in the eastern läns than in the western, this being
partly the result of rye being less susceptible than spring-seed to the drought
which prevails in these parts of the country during the early summer. In
Upper Norrland, winter rye is little cultivated, but gains in extent in the
same proportion that rotation of crops with fallow is introduced there. In
the southern part of the country, winter rye has in general been cultivated,
with short clubby grains, derived in part from the probsteij rye that has been
introduced; the rye cultivated in the northern part of the country has
generally smaller and longer grains. In the southern and central parts of the
country, the native sorts have, in no inconsiderable degree, been supplanted by
the German Petkus-rye, which has been introduced of låte years and gives better
returns, but which, on the other hand, is not hardy enough for Northern Sweden.
In the latter part of the country there is employed, although on a smaller scale
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