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63 iii. rural husbandry.
than before, sowing-seed from Finland, the rye from which country — which is
similar in climate to the north of Sweden — is celebrated for its great hardiness, the
result, in part, of its being kiln-dried as a rule. In consequence of the
small-ness of the grains of the sort used and its inclination to stool richly, it is
customary in the north of Sweden to sow only small quantities of seed, which,
in the case of kiln-dried Finnish rye, may be less than 1’2 hectoliters (80 kg)
per hectare, while the amount of sowing-seed sowed in Southern Sweden is
usually about 3 hectoliters (200 kg) per hectare. In consequence of rye
absorbing a great part of its nutriment during the autumn and ripening early, it
is, in these respects, less dependent on climate and on the length of the summer,
and in Northern Sweden, therefore, it usually gives just as rich crops as in the
south of the country, the Läns of Kopparberg and Gävleborg especially being
distinguished for their rich rye-crops. Besides winter-rye, there are also cultivated,
although on a smaller scale, midsummer- and spring-rye. Midsummer-rye, which,
from its method of growing, is also called tufted rye (Sw. tuvråg), is sown
at midsummer or later on in that season, so that it has time to take good root
before the winter sets in; it is cultivated in Southern and Central Sweden and
principally on light soils, where the young growth of the ordinary winter-rye
would easily be withered by the frost. Midsummer-rye is sowed with spring-seed
(principally oats), too, which in the autumn yields a green-fodder crop, after which
a ripe rye crop is obtained in the following year. In the upper part of Norrland it
is sown in the spring, together with barley, when sowing grass-land, this enabling
a barley crop to be cut the first year, and then, the following year, such a light
crop of rye that the growth of the grass is not hindered by such a harvest.
Spring-rye, which, as far as the fertility of the land and its manuring are
concerned, is one of the least exacting of cereals, but also one of the least
productive, is nowadays cultivated only to a very small extent, chiefly on poor
sandy soils, either alone or together with oats.
Barley, which was formerly the cereal produced most largely in Sweden, has
gradually declined in importance, not only relatively to other kinds of grain,
but during the last few decades, absolutely, as regards the area devoted to its
cultivation and to the amount of the crop (Tables 10 and 11), so that, nowadays,
in consequence of the. reasons already given, it is only in Upper Norrland that
any great area is devoted to its cultivation. It has, too, fallen more and more
into disuse, with the result that to-day only an inconsiderable amount is em-
Table 18. Imports and Exports of Rye. Quintals.
Imports Exports
Annually grain flour total 1 grain flour total 1 imp, (-), eip. ( + )
1816—20..... 160 131 642 160987 1113 24 1145 — 159 842
1821-40 ..... 40 210 2 323 43 307 11134 999 12 466 - 30 841
1841-60 ..... 84 335 36 827 133 43s 130 571 390 131 091 - 2 347
1861—80 ..... 711049 263 769 1 062 741 32 411 5 661 39 959 -1 022 782
1881-90 ..... 1 439 989 221 279 1 735 02S 8 644 16 738 30 961 — 1 704 067
1891-00 .... 1 005 974 102 110 1142121 923 16 741 23 244 - 1 118 877
1901—10..... 871 676 54 529 944 381 390 36 040 48 443 - 895 938
1911....... 461 856 49 650 528 056 405 10 744 14 730 - 513 326
1912....... 1 068 292 74 502 1167 628 438 2 934 4 350 - 1 163 278
1913....... 911 835 125 913 1 079 719 — 968 1290 — 1 078 429
1 The flour is here increased by ’/s of its weight, in order to reduce it to nnground
grain.
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