Full resolution (JPEG) - On this page / på denna sida - III. Rural Husbandry. Introd. by H. Juhlin Dannfelt - 3. Dairies and Dairy-Industry. By L. G. Thomé
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iii. rural husbandry.
to be soured by the next day, at a suitable time for the churning. For the
churning and the working up of the butter there are employed the older,
so-called Holstein churns and mechanial butter-workers, and also a newer type
of machine — a combined churn and butter-worker, this latter, apparently,
seeming to be rapidly ousting the oldfashioned apparatus, especially at the
larger dairies, where it greatly facilitates the working of the butter. For the
salting of the butter, the very finest-grained salt is used nowadays, in the
place of the relatively coarse-grained salt always recommended before. All the
butter intended for export is packed in barrels, each containing preferably an
English hundredweight (centner).
Several inventors have endeavoured to construct machines to skim and churn
at the same time. The only one of these machines that has come into any
use is the radiator, invented by E. O. N. Salenius. Its employment, however,
has not become very general, and, during the last few years, no new
radiator-dairies have been established. The radiator-dairies produce sweet-cream butter,
the greater part of which is sold within Sweden.
The gross price which milk — as a result of its employment for butter
manufacture — can fetch, depends, of course, on the percentage of fat in
the milk, and also on the price that can be had for the butter, skimmed milk,
and butter-milk, and can easily be calculated if these factors are known. But
from the gross price there have to be deducted the costs of manufacture, which
vary greatly with the different dairies, this depending upon local conditions and
also upon the size of the dairies. The expenses in question are lowest at the
largest dairies. According to the co-operative dairy-farming working statistics for
1910, the expenses, apart from those for carriage, in the Läns of Malmöhus
and Kristianstad amounted respectively to no more than 4’97 and 5’0o kr. per
1 000 kilograms milk, while in Norrbotten Län, where the daily quantity of
milk per dairy amounted to only 902 kilograms, the expenses in question
rose to 14*29 kr. It is clear that such an increase in working expenses
must have a most injurious effect on the economy of the dairy-farming, and
in thinly-populated parts of the country, where it is impossible to collect any
large quantity of milk without the costs for carriage becoming altogether too
heavy, it has, consequently, been difficult to start a paying butter-making
business. One method of solving the problem has been attempted, however, during
the last few years. At the close of the nineties there was established at
Nybro, in Småland, a dairy company . based on the delivery to the dairy of
cream; i. e., a so-called "cream-dairy". At Glimåkra, in the northern part of
Kristanstad Län, a co-operative dairy was established in 1904, on the same
system, which proved a financial success and has had many imitators in the
forest districts. These dairies were supplied with cream skimmed from the milk
at the farms of the various producers by means of hand-separators. This system
greatly facilitates transport, and other working expenses of the dairies also
become less. The type of dairy in question has one disadvantage, however,
for the cream skimmed at the farms is not always so well handled as could be
wished, the result being that these dairies find it difficult to produce butter
of uniformly good quality. It is possible that this disadvantage could be
avoided by establishing small skimming-stations around a central
churning-dairy, but such a system is imaginable only on the supposition that the
skim-ming-stations can be erected at sufficiently low cost. The plan appears to
have been made possible by the Baltic-turbine dairying machine, which was put
on the market by the Baltic Co., Ltd. in 1911, and which is a combination
of boiler, a turbine-driven separator, regenerative-pasteurizing apparatus, and
the necessary pumps, all driven by the separator-turbine. The whole machine
occupies a floor-space of l’l X l’i square meters, and treats from 750 to 800
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