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the manufacture of alloys.
299
the place of the silicon is taken by the phosphorus, the manganese again playing
a more subordinate role.
The honour of having elaborated a Bessemer process for phosphoriferous pig
iron belongs to the Englishmen, Gilchrist and Thomas, who in 1878 had
success with their experiments in this line. The method is in fact called, after the
latter, the Thomas process.
The basic Bessemer process was first introduced in Sweden at Bångbro on
the 24 May 1880. It was afterwards worked there for a short time every year
up to 1890 inclusive, when the method was abandoned, and was not taken up
again before the 30 August 1906. At Domnarvet it was employed for the
first time in 1891.
Swedish pig iron for the basic Bessemer process contains about 2’6 % of
phosphorus, a few tenths percentage of manganese, and a couple of tenths percentage
of silicon. It is made from the most phosphoriferous ores of the Grängesberg
mines, the fuel being charcoal, or coke, or a mixture of both. The pig iron is
taken direct from the blast furnace to the converter.
Bessemer Converter.
The bodies first given off in the process are silicon, manganese and carbon,
after which comes the phosphorus. The product is always soft; no recarburizing
occurs. In other respects the process is the ordinary Thomas process, as applied
in German works, and Thomas slag (Thomas phosphate) is obtained as a
byproduct.
The basic Bessemer metal made in Sweden is consumed mainly in the home
country.
The waste in basic Bessemer is from 14 to 15 %.
The Siemens-Martin Process (Open-hearth Process). This process has
received its name from the two brothers P. and E. Martin, who in 1866
succeeded in making steel in a flame furnace equipped with regenerators
(Siemens furnace) at their little works at Sireuil in France.
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