Full resolution (JPEG) - On this page / på denna sida - VII. Manufacturing Industries. Introd. by [G. Sundbärg] K. Åmark - 8. Manufactures of Stone, Clay, Coal, Charcoal, and Peat - Cement and Mortar. By G. H. Nordenskiöld, E. Svedmark, and Alf. Larson - Earthenware. By E. Svedmark
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414
vii. manufacturing industries.
(1 187 000 casks) in 1912, with a value of 9 621 000 kronor. 1 447
workmen vere then employed in the manufacture of cement. With the year
1889 when cement became subject to a duty of 40 ore per 100 kg the
manufacture rose somewhat, and later increased rapidly when the duty was in
1895 increased to 60 ore per 100 kg; the manufacture and export have
steadily increased since.
The development of the cement industry and the consumption in Sweden
since 1875 is shown in Table 91.
Of the total export in 1912, amounting to 127 141 tons, 42 420 tons went
to Russia, 33 286 tons to the Argentine, 22 155 tons to the Sunda Islands,
14 810 tons 1o Finland, and 12 189 tons to Denmark; the remainder was
distributed over British South Africa and Brazil.
The consumption of Portland cement has shown a rapid increase and
it is now just as necessary as mortar in all branches of building, both on
land and water. The result has been that a number of cement foundries
have been erected. In the year 1912, their number was 60, with 1 067
workmen and an output value of 4 394 000 kronor. The oldest and largest
of them is Aktiebolaget Skånska cementgjuteriet (The Scanian Cement
Foundry, Ltd), with branches in many places in the kingdom.
There is also a considerable manufacture of mortar. In 1912 there
were 11 factories at work, with 199 workmen and a production to the
value of 1 082 000 kronor.
Earthenware.
The raw materials employed in the manufacture of earthenware are
clay, sand, felspar, quartz, chalk, etc.
Clay and sand are used for making bricks. The various kinds of clay
have different consistencies and qualities. The principal difference between
heavy and light clay is that the former is less mouldable, the latter more
so (plastic). The Swedish clay is generally too heavy for making bricks,
for which reason sand is added and the mixture must be prepared with
water, shaped, and burnt.
Clay was formerly shaped by hand, dried in the open air and in open
drying-houses, and burnt in furnaces heated with wood. Hand-labour is
not yet altogether a method of the past, since bricks made in this fashion
are considered to be as durable as machine-made goods, but the adoption
of machines for the shaping of bricks can now be considered as being
general.
The system of baking bricks has also been modernized through the
introduction of annular kilns, which burn continuously, instead of the old
simple kilns, which were heated with wood at intervals. In ancient times
so-called field-baking was employed.
The production in 1012 at Sweden’s 363 brickyards and earthenware factories
amounted to 366 146 000 clinker, wall-, roof- flint-, limesand, quartz and ash-
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