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historical.
51?»
which to a certain degree gave rise to the Clearing House, was undertaken from
1857—1865 by the Stockholms Enskilda Bank and after the latter year chiefly
by the Scandinavian Credit Company — "Skandinaviska Kreditaktiebolaget".)
In the clearing operations participate at present, besides the Bank of Sweden,
13 private banks with offices in Stockholm, and these represent other banks
on a system securing that all the business banks in the country are represented
in the clearing operations. The operations in 1913 involved 6 milliards of
kronor of which 80 per cent balanced out and 20 per cent was settled by
transfers at the Bank of Sweden. (A certain amount of clearing takes place,
besides, at all the branches of the Bank of Sweden, between the banks on the
spot.)
The Swedish Chamber of Commerce Organization now covers nearly the
whole country. The first Chamber of Commerce was founded in Stockholm in
1902, and subsequently Chambers of Commerce have been established at Bords,
Luleå, Gothenlntrg, Malmö, Jönköping, Örebro, Gävle, Visby, Karlstad,
Norrköping, and Sundsvall, most of them embracing several läns, or extensive
districts beyond the urban areas. The Chambers of Commerce occupy
themselves with trade, industry, and shipping. Their duties are chiefly to submit
pronouncements and propositions to the authorities as regards industrial questions,
but, by the side of this, they are active in the supply of commercial intelligence,
they issue publications and act as arbitration-courts for the settlement of
commercial disputes. Representatives of the Chambers of Commerce assemble
yearly at a so-called Chamber of Commerce Assembly, for the purpose of
considering matters of common interest. — There are, too, Swedish Chambers of
Commerce in several places abroad, namely, in London, New York, and Sydney,
whose object it is to promote Swedish commercial relations with the countries
in which they are situated.
The General Swedish Export Association was formed in the year 1887, with
the object of securing new or increased facilities for the disposal of Swedish
products abroad. It is constituted more especially after the Austrian pattern.
The Association works by obtaining information as to prices, credit, freightage,
conditions, etc.; by arranging depots for and small exhibitions of Swedish
products in important places; by distributing catalogues of suitable Swedish
export-articles abroad; etc. Further, the Association publishes a paper "Swedish
Export".
The Swedish Statistical Report of Trade, which dates from a considerable
time back, is published by the Chamber of Commerce, partly in the form of an
annual publication containing a complete report, and partly in the form of
monthly reports, which only contain accounts of the imports and exports of the
more important wares. In earlier times, these reports were none too complete,
but with 1871 a considerable improvement began, and many reforms have been
effected during the period 1891—1900, the publication of the reports having
been much expedited. Further reforms are to be anticipated, especially as regards
the valuation of the goods, which has hitherto left much to be desired in some
respects. In this ’ respect it has been suggested that the returns as to value
shall be given by the importers and exporters themselves for every lot of goods
(the so-called declared value). According to the Ordinance Nov. 28, 1913 such
declarations shall, with certain exceptions, be made since Jan. 1, 1914. The
monthly statistics, which were formerly published by the Royal Board of Customs,
have, since 1913, been incorporated with a publication issued by the Board of
Trade, under the name of "Commercial Returns" ("Kommersiella Meddelanden"),
in which are also published the reports of Swedish consuls and other official
communications having to do with foreign trade and shipping.
33—133179. Sweden. II.
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