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maritime legislation.
585
the written examination in mathematics, while pupils in the navigation
department must also have passed in navigation, and pupils in the 1st and 2nd
engineers class in physics and mechanics.
To obtain the right to command sailing vessels of a certain tonnage on
inland waters and in the Baltic, there is, further, an examination at the navigation
school for skippers of the second class. Persons taking this examination
however do not receive instruction at the navigation school.
In the educational year 1911—12, when the regulations of June 6th 1890
were still in force, 160 candidates passed the masters examination, 184 the
mates examination, 133 the chief engineers examination and 116 the engineers
(second engineers) examination.
Maritime Legislation.
On June 12, 1667, a Swedish maritime law was passed, which, based on
Dutch ordinances and subsequently supplemented by — amongst other things
— certain sections of the regulations for merchant captains and sailors of March
30, 1748, as well as the insurance and damage ordinances of Oct. 2, 1750, was
not entirely abrogated until two hundred years later. The maritime law then
passed (Feb. 23, 1864) was founded upon the main principles of the law it was
to replace, but was supplemented according to the requirements of the time by
profiting by more recent legislation in foreign countries. This was succeeded,
on June 12, 1891, by the maritime law now in force, which came into
operation from the year 1892 inclusive, and which was drafted after collaboration
with Norwegian and Danish delegates, and this less on account of the necessity
for amendments in the law of 1864, than owing to an endeavour to secure
uniformity in the maritime legislation of the Scandinavian countries.
Swedish maritime legislation, except for the part exlusively or mainly
belonging to civil law and included in the maritime law, has furthermore found
expression in a multitude of statutes passed by the Government.
A vessel is considered to be Swedish, either when at least two-thirds of it
are owned by Swedish subjects, or when it belongs to a joint-stock company
whose board sits in Sweden and is composed of shareholders who are Swedish
subjects.
Every Swedish man or woman has the right to own ships for both home and
foreign shipping. When several persons are owners of a ship, a principal owner
must always be selected among them, who must always be a Swedish citizen
and domiciled in Sweden.
A shipowner is personally responsible with all his property for the liabilities
he, personally or through some other person, assumes in respect to the vessel,,
as well as for the claims of the crew in virtue of the hiring-agreements and
contracts of service which the master of the vessel has entered into. For all
other claims the owner is responsible only and solely to the extent of the vessel
and cargo. When there are several owners of a vessel, each one is personally
responsible only in proportion to his share in the vessel.
Of all Swedish vessels intended for the merchant service or the conveyance
of passengers and having a tonnage of 20 register tons or more, a register is
kept. This registration is centralized at the Board of Trade. After registration
has been effected a certificate of nationality and registration is issued, which,
together with a muster-roll, are the papers a Swedish vessel going to foreign
ports carries on board in order to prove its nationality. A vessel of 20
register tons burden or more, which has been registered, can be mortgaged
for claims, which gives the creditor mortgagee-rights in the vessel. Mortgages
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