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ix. shipping and navigation.
The measurement dues in Sweden at present fall, as a rule, upon the owner.
For bills of tonnage and some other shipping documents, stamp- and
office-fees are payable.
Abroad, Swedish vessels nowadays do not pay any other fees except, in Great
Britain, a fee to the Swedish Church in London, as well as such fees or dues
as have the character of office-fees to the consul. The fee to the Swedish
Church in London amounts to 0’6 penny per ton for vessels arriving in
London, and to 0*3 penny for vessels arriving at other ports in Great Britain and
Ireland.
Sailors.
On account of the peculiar nature of the sailor’s calling, the conditions under
which that profession is to be pursued have from ancient times been made the
subject of special legislation. The present regulations on the subject are
contained in the Maritime Law of 1891 with the statutes incorporated therewith. That
Act prescribes in detail the duties and rights of the crew and the master
reciprocally and in relation of the ship-owner, as well as the extent of the
master’s responsibility for the vessel. In order to maintain the rigorous
discipline which is so necessary on board ship, and to prevent the crew being able to
leave the ship then and there on the slightest occasion arising, the law has
deposited very extensive disciplinary powers in the hands of the Master, and
made the conditions of the seaman’s articles more rigorous, which has
correspondingly diminished the personal liberty and independence of the crew. (See
the section: Maritime Legislation).
As to the amount of the wages (hire) to be paid in different cases to the
master and crew, the law says nothing. This is a matter entirely dependent
on a free contract between the shipowner, the master and the crew. The salary
of the Master, which, obviously, varies greatly according to the size of the ship
and the voyage on which she is bound, consists, as a rule partly of a fixed salary,
partly of a commission on the freight earned. This commission in Sweden is
called Tcapplake. The masters of large steamships have as a rule from 5 000
to 6 000 kronor, those of smaller steamers from 2 000 to 4 000 kronor as a
total yearly income. According to data obtained from the Seamen Registry
Office, the average monthly wages in 1912 for different ratings of officers and
crew in the Swedish merchant fleet was as follows:1
Rating Steamer Sailing-ship
kr. kr.
First Mate .... 130 90
Second Mate . . . 100 75
First Engineer . . . . 200 —
Second Engineer . . . 125 —
Quartermaster . . . . 80 —
Boatswain .... 75 70
Carpenter............70 65
Able-bodied Seaman . . 55 50
Ordinary Seaman ... 45 25
Steward..............90 65
Cook..................55 30
Stoker........60 —
The hours of work on Swedish ships sailing to foreign countries are 12
hours a day (from 6 a. m. to 6 p. m.) with two hours’ interval; On coasting
vessels the working hours vary greatly owing to the shorter voyages and the
numerous stoppages; but they do not appear to exceed 12 hours on an average.
When the work is divided into "shifts watches", the number of hours into
which a watch is divided varies.
Lodgings. Under the Royal Decree of 1894, a deduction may be made
for lodgings from the gross burden of the ship, provided that each room or
1 In the following two years the wages have been considerably raised.
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