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56 PASSIVE MOVEMENTS:
a contraction of tlie skin on tlie cranium, but also a shivering
feeling down the back, and they used them with success in several
cases of fulness of blood in the head and congestion of the brain.
The fingers and the thumb are kept slightly bent, so that the
back of the nails come in contact with the scalp, and with light
vibrations they are passed backwards (fig. 34). When they arrive
at the occipital protuberance, the fingers follow the direction of
one of the lateral sinuses, the thumb that of the other.
That the effect of these vibrations should be considerable, we
can deduce from the feeling they produce ; as also from the fact
that all the sensory nerves of the scalp pass up to the vertex,
and are thus acted upon.
These frictions ought never to be omitted in a general treat-
ment of the head. With them we must give movements which
draw the blood away from the head or towards it, according to
the requirements of the ease.
Ling and his pupils also tried frictions over the phrenic
and great sciatic nerves. The former they manipulated, in
order to relieve spasm of the diaphragm. This is easier, and
with greater certainty allayed by light shakings in the pit
of the stomach, as was well seen in a patient at the Marine
Hospital at Pola, who during chloroform narcosis was seized
with this spasm. The shakings had the direction from below
upwards and backwards.
Whenever a sensory nerve is stimulated by electricity, it
causes contraction of the blood-vessels. Since these frictions
over the median and several other nerves give exactly the
same feeling as that from an electrical shock, and as the
chilly sensation passing over the body, accompanied with ciitis
anserina, must be caused by contraction of the smaller blood-
vessels of the skin, these frictions, with their consequent vibra-
tions, must produce the same effect as the electrical stimulation
does. I have taken this as the guiding idea for the use of this
form of nerve stimulation, and the results certainly seem to
justify the belief.
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