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attempts by the French kings to drive out the
Normans. The same might be said about the succeeding
dukes, Richard the Good, and Robert the Magnificent.
Then came the great conquest of England by
William the Conqueror, an event which brought the
Normans to their height of power. From then until
1199 Normandy and England stood under one crown,
until John Lackland finally lost the duchy to King
Philip Augustus of France.
Something should also have been mentioned about
Norman architecture and Norman manners and
customs, hut space will not permit. Only this might be
said, that the Normans began erecting stone castles
and stone churches, something rather new in those
days. The mighty stone keeps in Normandy and
England show a wonderful advance over the early timber
houses. Where the Normans learnt the art of stone
masonry has perhaps never been explained. They
surely did not learn it from home. Probably the
contact with the Saracens in Sicily bad some
influence. The early Norman arches certainly
resemble the early Saracen arches to a surprising degree.
As to the customs and manners, they are quite
familiar to any student of Scandinavian history and
archaeology.
RECENT ATTACKS ON TIIE HISTORICAL
RELIABILITY OF THE VINLAND SAGAS.
By Professor Julius E. Olson.1
When I promised to present a paper on this
subject, I thought it wouid be possible for me to get
1 Read at the second meeting of the Society for the Advancement
of Scandinavian Stndy, 1912.
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