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GASTRIC JUICE. 461
The fundus glands contain two kinds of cells: adelomorphic or chief
cells, and delomorphic or cover cells, the latter formerly called rennin
or pepsin cells. Both kinds consist of protoplasm rich in proteins;
but their relation to coloring-matters seems to show that the protein
substances of both are not identical. The nucleus must consist princi-
pally of nuclein. Besides the above-mentioned constituents, the fundus
glands contain as more specific constituents several enzymes or their
zymogens, besides a little fat and cholesterin.
The pyloric glands contain cells which are generally considered as
related to the above-mentioned chief cells of the fundus glands. As
these glands were formerly thought to contain a larger quantity of
mucin, they were also called mucous glands. According to Heiden-
hain, independent of the columnar epithelium of the excretory ducts,
they take no part worthy of mention in the formation of mucus, which
according to his views is effected by the epithelium covering the mucous
membrane. The pyloric glands also seem to contain zymogens. Alkali
chlorides, alkali phosphates, and calcium phosphates are found in the
mucous coating of the stomach.
The Gastric Juice. The observations of Helm and Beaumont on
persons with gastric fistula led to the suggestion that gastric fistulas
be made on animals, and this operation was first performed by Bassow l
in 1842 on a dog. Verneuil performed the same on a man in 1876 with
successful results. Pawlow 2
has recently improved the surgery of
gastric fistula and has added much to the study of gastric secretion.
As most investigations upon gastric digestion, and also upon diges-
tion as a whole, are based on observations upon dogs and then upon man,
and for this reason, when not otherwise stated, in this chapter on the
study of digestion we give the conditions in dogs and man.
The secretion of gastric juice is not continuous, at least in man and
in the mammals experimented upon. It only occurs under psychic
influence, and also by stimulation of the mucous membrane of the stomach
or the intestine. The most exhaustive researches on the secretion of
gastric juice (in dogs) have been made by Pawlow and his pupils.
In order to obtain gastric juice free from saliva and food residues, they arranged
besides a gastric fistula also an oesophageal fistula from which the swallowed food
could be withdrawn with the saliva without entering the stomach, and in this
manner an apparent or sham feeding was possible. In this way it was possible to
1
Helm, Zwei Krankengeschichten, Wien, 1803, cited from Hermann’s Handbuch,
5, part II, 39; Beaumont, "The Physiology of Digestion," 1833; Bassow, Bull, de
la eoc. des natur. de Moscou, 16, cited from Maly in Hermann’s Handbuch, 5, 38;
Verneuil, see Ch. Richet, "Du sue gastrique chez l’homme," etc. (Paris, 1878), 158.
2
Pawlow, The Work of the Digestive Glands, (translated by Thompson, Phila-
delphia, 1910), where the works of his pupils are also mentioned. See also Ergebnisse
der Physiologie, 1, Abt. 1.
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