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The voyage of Nordenskiöld with the Ymer in 1876
gives a good example of the usual condition of this part of
the Kara Sea in the summer. After entering the Kara Sea by
the Matochkin strait the ship was obliged to take a semi-circular
route to the southward, in order to avoid the still unmelted
ice-floes in the midst of the sea, and reached the open sea
north of the Beli Ostrow island after a struggle of some days
with the ice west and south-west of this island.
From the observations of the Vega-expedition, which had
the good luck of crossing the Kara Sea without any serious
hindrance from the ice, we see (section I), that the temperature
at the surface sunk and the saltriess increased on approaching
the middle of the sea, where the iso-saline curve indicating
3.03 p. c. of salt rose to the surface. I consider this surging
up of cold and salt water from below, in the midst of the
Kara Sea, to be due to the sidewise action of the great current
from the Obi and Yenisei upon the adjacent water, just as
the relatively little stream, from the Malygin strait makes the
cold water rise like a bank on both sides, as shown in section
I. This cold water naturally prevents the melting of the ice
or delays it until very late in the summer.
Besides, if we consider the salt water at the bottom of the
deep western basin of the Kara Sea along the coast of Novaya
Zemlya [see the profile of the bottom in sect. I & XI] to bo
an indraught of arctic water from the Siberian sea — which
is by no means improbable, since the fauna of this part of the
sea is almost exclusively of arctic origin — we must admit,
that the deeper layers of this water ought, by its own motion,
to be surged up around the banks in the midst of the Kara
Sea between the 73rd and the 74th parallel. Great masses of
foundered ice-blocks are frequently heaped up on these banks,
which therefore have been mistaken for real islands by some
explorers.
Beside the Vega-observations there are a few previous
deep-soundings made in 1875 and 1876 by Nordenskiöld
and Kjellman in the deep basin of the Kara Sea along the
coast of Novaya Zemlya and the Waigatch island, which are
of great importance as showing, that the conformation of the
deep water-strata is left completely undisturbed from one
year to the other by the influence of the temporary changes
of the climate, the seasons, the winds etc., which affect the
upper layers.
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