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THROUGH FINLAND. 263
gulf is frozen over, they are always cold. The extraordinary de-
gree of cold that prevails at Uleaborg is in a great meafure owing
to the vaft forefts and deferts, which retain Zs great portion of ice
even in fummer. In proportion to the progrefs of agriculture,
as water and wood are cleared away from the furface, which pre-
vent the fun from warming the earth, it may be expected that
the climate of this place will become more mild and gentle.
From a comparifon of obfervations made at Stockholm and
Uleaborg, it appears that the heat of the thermometer of Cel-
fius, at.a mean height at Stockholm throughout the whole year,
is nearly 6° above 0, whereas at Uleaborg it generally ftands at
1° 2-10ths below the freezing point; of courfe the climate of
Wleaborg differs by 7° 2-1oths. During a fpace of twenty years
the mercury at Stockholm fell feven hundred and nine times to
15. degrees, and once as far as 40 degrees below the freezing point.
At Uleaborg there are two months more of winter than. at
Stockholm, and one third lefs of fpring. The autumn is of nearly-
the fame duration in both places. As to the comparative length
of the autumn, this. depends not only on the lingering courfe of
the fun in the autumnal folftice, but more on the fouth and.
fouth-weft winds which prevail in the months of Auguft, Sep-
tember, October, and part of November.. Thofe winds which
come from the gulf of Bothnia are warmed by. the: water, which
preferves a greater degree of heat than the atmofphere. But on
the contrary, in the winter feafon,. when the fea 1s frozen, the
winds which blow from the fame quarter, are cold.and difagree-
able,
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