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Full resolution (TIFF) - On this page / på denna sida - VII. Social Inequality - 29. Patterns of Social Segregation and Discrimination - 6. Segregation in Specific Types of Institutions
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636 An American Dilemma
and Negro doctors are not allowed to treat their patients there.® In the
North the patterns vary a good deal. In all states where there are civil
rights laws, hotels, restaurants, and amusement places are theoretically
open to Negroes on equal terms with whites. In the states without such
legislation, courts usually uphold the rights of proprietors to prohibit or
segregate as they please.^® In practice the higher priced establishments
attempt to keep out Negroes all over the North, and the difference is not
great in this respect between the South and the North, except for the
presence of etiquette in the South. The low and moderate priced places
probably most often accept Negro customers. Northern white churches do
not prohibit Negroes, or even segregate them, but traditional adherence
and residential segregation effectively keep Negroes practically separated
in their own churches. Cemeteries are usually segregated even in the
North.®® The Y.M.C.A.’s ordinarily segregate Negroes even in the North,
a main reason being that they are usually equipped with swimming pools
j
the Y.W.C.A.’s seem to show a tendency to be more liberal. There are
separate hospitals for Negroes also in the North, and the hospitals which
serve both races sometimes segregate Negroes but, on the average, the
discrimination involved is slighter. In the North, Negro doctors are fre-
quently given a chance to follow up their Negro cases in the hospitals.
As noted in Chapter 13 and Appendix 6, segregation in factories is usual
throughout the South. It is not a matter of law in most cases, however,
but is put into effect by the factory owners. If Negroes are allowed in an
industry at all, they will usually be put either in a separate building or in
a separate part of the regular factory building. The practice of giving
Negroes only the hardest and least desirable jobs facilitates segregation.
In most factories in the South, Negroes are required to use separate toilets
and drinking fountains. Occasionally these things are put into law: a South
Carolina law requires segregation in the cotton textile factories with respect
to entrances, pay ticket windows, stairways, lavatories, toilets and drinking
utensils.®*^
In the ordinary commercial establishments the variation is tremendous,
since there are indefinite numbers of combinations of types and degrees of
segregation in this field.®^ Only a few Southern communities have com-
plete segregation for every commercial establishment,*’ just as only a few
Northern communities have absolutely no segregation or discrimination.
The situation is constantly changing in both North and South and is subject
to a great variety of personal, customary and legal factors. It is reported
from many localities, particularly in the South, that during the depression
‘See Chapter 7, Section 3.
**
Some Southern towns, especially in Texas, do not permit any Negro to spend over 24
hours within the town limits. Miami, Florida, and perhaps a few other Southern cities have
laws forbidding Negro(\s to buy or to w’ork outside the Negro district.
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