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1190 An American Dilemma
radical in child psychology, psychiatry and educational psychology, applied psychology,
“social psychology,” and other branches which are in close relation to social practice and
social science. Undoubtedly the biologistic approach has still a stronghold in academic
psychology proper. But even there a change is under way which can be registered by
comparing the present situation with the one prevalent two or three decades ago. An
indication is the almost complete abandonment of the “instinct” psychology.
This connection between biology and conservatism will have to be remembered
when explaining why, with some outstanding exceptions, the medical profession has, on
the whole, in all countries, taken a rather reactionary stand on questions of social and
health reforms.
Perhaps the most influential of the popular racialistic writers were: Madison Grant,
The Passing of the Great Race (1916) ;
L^throp Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color
(1920); Charles W. Gould, America^ A Family Matter (1920).
The acts restricting immigration not only cut down the total number of immi-
grants admitted to the country, but also provided that those allowed entrance should be
predominantly from Western and Northern Europe. The 1921 act permitted an
immigration from each country equal to 3 per cent of the number of foreign-born
from that country resident in the United States in 1910. The 1924 act reduced the
quota to 2 per cent and set the determining date back to 1 890. Immigration from the
Orient was completely prohibited, but that from independent countries in the Americas
and from Canada was not restricted at all.
As examples we may cite the following: Carl C. Brigham, an outstanding psy-
chologist who has since repudiated his book (A Study of American Intelligence
[1923]); William McDougall, the father of many trends in psychology {The Grouf
Mind [1920] ,
and Is America Safe for Democracy? [1921]); Albert Bushnell Hart and
H. H. Bancroft, the eminent historians {The Southern South [1910], and Retrosfec-
tiouy Political and Personal [1912]).
William H. Thomas, a Northern mulatto who went down to the South during
Reconstruction and became disillusioned, is an exception. His vitriolic but well-written
book. The American Negro (1901), has, indeed, its best counterparts in some of the
extreme expressions of anti-Semitism which, as is well known, are to be found in
occasional writings by Jews.
Kelly Miller, Out of the House of Bondage (1914), pp. 221-222.
pp. 220-221.
Kelly Miller, Race Adjustment—Essays on the Negro in America (1908), pp. 38-
39-
Ibid,y p. 40.
Ibid.y p. 45.
Ibid,y p. 40.
30
/3/V., p. 31.
Frederick Douglass, one of the first Negro leaders, thus argued the case against the
race inferiority doctrine:
“It is not necessary, in order to establish the manhood of any one making the claim,
to prove that such an one equals Clay in eloquence, or Webster and Calhoun in logical
force and directness; for, tried by such standards of mental power as these, it is appre-
hended that very few could claim the high designation of man. Yet something like this
felly is seen in the arguments directed against the humanity of the negro. His faculties
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