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Footnotes 1205
cases where rewards were given to white males who consented to be the fathers of
mulattoes.*
Wirth and Goldhamer, of. cit., manuscript pages 24-25. Wirth does not here refer
to trends, of course.
Concerning the miscegenation between Northern soldiers and Negro women
during the period in which the Northern Army occupied the South, Professor E.
Franklin Frazier writes (in a communication to the author, July i, 1942):
“In the genealogies which I have collected, few of the white ancestors were Northern
men. It is possible, of course, that the mulatto offspring of Northern soldiers and
Southern Negroes do not belong to the upper and middle class in the Negro population
as do the offspring of the Southern upper class whites and Negroes. It is possible that the
relations between the Northern soldiers and Southern Negroes were more casual than
sex relations between Southern whites and Negroes, and the mulatto offspring did not
know their white ancestors as well as did the mulatto offspring of Southern whites.
Moreover, there is another factor which should be taken into account, namely: Northern
soldiers had an aversion to close intimate contacts with the blacks, an attitude which was
lacking among the Southern whites.”
Mixture^ p. 49.
See, for instance, T. J. Woofter, Jr., The Basis of Racial Adjustment (1925),
pp. 42-44. Reuter expressed himself more guardedly. (See Reuter, Race Mixture^
pp. 49-50.) See Wirth and Goldhamer, of. cit,^ manuscript pages 33-35.
The main evidences are the following;
(a) In his samples of mulattoes drawn from various sections of the country, Herskovits
found fewer white parents than white grandparents, who in turn were fewer than
white great-grandparents, and so on. For his college group, 2 per cent reported white
parentage, while about 10 per cent knew of white grandparents. {The Anthrofometry
of the American Negro^ pp. 2 40-241. Also see 2"he American Negro, p. 30.) Hersko-
vits seems to forget that one has more grandparents than parents so that, all other things
equal, the probabilities, naturally, increase in geometric fashion—as one goes back
through the generations. He also neglects the fact that contraception is more prevalent
in recent years—probably especially in sex relations which defy convention—so that
the number of offspring cannot be used as an index of the number of sex contacts in
time series. Finally, he neglects the possibility of socio-economic differentials—which
affect the sample of college students—^between white parental and white grandparental
groups.
(b) In Mrs. Day’s sample of 1,152 persons born before the Civil War, 243 were
known to have been partners in interracial unions, while this was true of only 3 out of
I >3 8 5 persons born since the Civil War. (Caroline Bond Day, A Study of Some Negro-
White Families in the United States [1932], p, 108.) Day’s sample is not intended
to be representative of the general Negro population, and her information is admittedly
not complete in this aspect of the study.
(c) Frazier records that of 920 known grandparents of 31 1
persons listed in Wh6*s
Who in Colored America: ig28-ig2g, 137, or 14.9 per cent, were white. (Frazier,
Of, cit.y p. 247.) There is no corresponding sample of recent Negro births for compari-
son, but this high proportion is undoubtedly not obtained today. The sample is, of
course, not representative, and births are no perfect index of sex contacts in time series.
•See Wirth and Goldhamer, of, cit,^ maouKript page 20,
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