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An American Dilemma
1230
estimate is of total migration and does not exclude those who returned South. (W. E. B.
Du Bois, Negro Nation within the Nation/* Current History [June, 1935], p. 265.)
^ StoufFer and Florant, of, cit,^ p. 36. According to W. D. Weatherford and Charles
S. Johnson {Race Relations [1934], p. 257) most of the Negroes who went to Liberia
ut first were ex-slaves who were freed on the condition that they emigrate.
®Thc Negro population of Kansas increased from 627 to 43,107 between i860 and
1880 according to the census. Part of this was natural increase, of course, and only
some of the increase occurred during the period when there was agitation for Negro
migration to Kansas. But there was also some return migration tp the South.
® James Weldon Johnson, Along This Way (1934), pp. 206-207 and 208.
This reclassification was prepared by the Bureau of the Census with the aid of O. E.
Baker of the United States Department of Agriculture. The computation of the Negro
population of these areas back to i860 was done by StoufFer and Wyant.
® StoufFer and Florant, of cit, (1940), pp. 1-58 and technical appendix prepared
by Rowena Wyant.
® StoufFer and Florant, of, cit, (1940), p. 5.
As the National Resources Committee points out, part of the migration northward
was by stages and part of it was direct from the Deep South.
“Much of the Negro migration has been a State-to-State displacement. By 1930, for
example, 72,000 Negroes had moved into North Carolina from South Carolina, but
47,000 had moved out of North Carolina to Virginia and Maryland. More than 50
per cent of the Negroes leaving South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and
Louisiana have settled in other Southern states, while about 90 per cent of those leaving
Kentucky and 65 per cent of those leaving Virginia and Tennessee have settled in the
North. At the same time there has been considerable migration directly from the deep
South to the North.** (National Resources Committee, The Problems of a Changing
Pofulation [1938], p. 99.)
StoufFer and Florant, of, cit, (1942), pp. 54-58.
These calculations arc taken from Stouffer and Florant, of. cit. (1940), Chapter l,
pp. 17-18. These authors include Missouri in the Border states, and their definition of
the North, as noted in the text, is confined to the Northern states east of the Mississippi
River.
U. S. Bureau of Census, Negroes in the United States: ig2o-ig$2, p. 22.
Fifteenth Census of the United States: ipjo, Pofulation^ Vol. 2, pp. 158-162.
Ibid,^ pp. 163-167.
The literature on Negro migration is too large to be surveyed, even too large to
be sampled for purposes of this section. In 1934, F. A. Ross and L. V. Kennedy
prepared a whole book entitled A Bibliografhy of Negro Migration^ and since then
many other titles would have to be added to their list. In the monograph prepared for
this study by Stouffer and Florant, a large and selected sample of this tremendous
literature was integrated. For this section we have relied largely on this monograph and
on a few of the better-known books on the subject, such as those by C. G. Woodson
{A Century of Negro Migration [1918]), The Chicago Commission on Race Relations
{The Negro in Chicago [1922]), L. V. Kennedy {The Negro Peasant Turns City-
ward [1930J), C. V. Kiser {Sea Island to City [1932]). The general literature on the
Negro also has much on migration. Because of the size of this literature we have felt
that it would be best to make this section rather abstract. The conditions which are
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