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Footnotes 1255
ivhcelwiights, shoemakers, painters, etc. We may assume that they were, as a rule, not
the most skilled or exact craftsmen, but they were capable of doing satisfactory work
in shoeing horses and mules, making hogsheads, repairing barns and slave quarters,
making wagons, cutting timber. The slave who had been trained to a craft always
commanded a higher price than the ordinary field hand . . .
‘‘In the larger towns in all parts of the South, slaves were trained to various crafts and
used in the shops of the larger shipwrights, cabinetmakers, shoemakers, wigmakers,
etc* • • •
“The custom of hiring out Negro artisans was common in many parts of the South.
When a master craftsman died, his widow often found that she could depend on a fair
revenue from the work of her slave helpers.
“This use of Negro craftsmen tended to run white men out of the trades, since it
not only lowered wages, but cast a stigma on skilled labor. Slave labor in the rice and
tobacco fields had already struck a deadly blow at the yeomanry, now it began to under-
mine the small but important artisan class. ... In the old South, after the passing of
wigs and elaborate hair dressing for men, the barber business fell largely into the hands
of blacks. An old Southern gentleman once told me that on his first visit to the North
he experienced a kind of shame for the white man who cut his hair and the white girls
who waited on him at table. Thousands in the South were shocked when the first Negro
postman delivered mail to their front doors. Thus, when the master craftsmen of the
old South began to employ Negroes in large number, it tended to make carpentry, or
bricklaying, or wheelmaking, or cooperage, or tanning the profession of slaves. Slave
workers not only degraded labor, but cheapened it.” (Thomas J. Wertenbaker, The
Old South [194.2], pp. 229-232.)
“ The Negro: The Southerner’s Problem (1904), p. 127.
^ The Negro in Louisiana (1937), pp. 1 3 5-136.
^Willis D. Weatherford and Charles S. Johnson, Race Relations (1934), p, 315.
® Edwin R. Embree, Brown America (1933; first edition, 1931), p. 151.
® Page, Of. cit., p. 77.
Winfield H. Collins, The Truth about Lynching and the Negro in the South
(1918), p. 138.
^ Elez’enth Census of the United States: i8po, Pofulation^ Vol. II, Table 116;
Thirteenth Census of the United States: igio. Population, Vol. IV, Table 7.
® Thirteenth Census of the United States: igio, Population, Vol. IV, pp, 3 13-3 14;
Fifteenth Census of the United States: igso. Population, Vol. V, pp. 408-411.
Although the South had 32 per cent of the nation^s population in 1940, only about
20 per cent of all wage earners in manufacturing industries in 1939 were in the South.
(U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: jpjS, Tables 6
and 793; U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: ig4i,
Table 868; and Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940, Population. Preliminary
Release, Series P-io, No. i.)
U.S. Bureau of the Census, Negroes in the United States: jpao-/pja, p. 53.
It should be noted that the concept of “labor force” in the 1940 Census, like the
concept of “gainful worker” in earlier census enumerations, includes unemployed
workers. This circumstance, owing to the increase in unemployment, affects the compari-
son between 1930 and 1940 to a greater extent than corresponding comparisons between
previous census years. There are no reliable data for 1930 which could be compared
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