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x68 IV. THE ROMANIZED CHURCH (A.D. 13891520).
Olavus Petri, p. 49, 1906). The University of Upsala,
though contemplated at the Council of Basel, was not
founded until 1477 a year before that of Copenhagen
but its efficiency was small, and at first it did not long
endure. After 1515 it was for a considerable time in
abeyance.
Popular teaching was of the most elementary character.
It is mentioned as rather a great step of progress that the
sainted Bishop Nicolaus Hermanni of Linkoping, of whom
I have spoken (1374 1391), ordered the clergy to teach the
people about the Lord s Prayer, the Apostles Creed, the
Ave Maria, the Ten Commandments and the seven works
of mercy.
17
At the provincial synod in Soderkoping (1441)
it was ordered that the Lord s Prayer, Ave Maria, and the
Apostles Creed should be translated into Swedish, and
read before the people every Sunday and festival. This
latter council was held in the time of the able Bishop
Nicolaus Ragvaldi (c. 13, Reuterdahl : Stat. Syn., p. 127).
The object, of course, was that they might be learnt by
heart. The "
Ave Maria
"
was, no doubt, still in the
Biblical form, without the later accretion, in which the
Blessed Virgin is invoked as
"
Mother of God." This same
archbishop compiled a code of the statutes of his diocese,
from which we may learn much as to the administra
tion of the sacraments customary in Sweden. The three
forms just named were to be taught to children by their
parents and god-parents. Children of seven years old and
upwards were to be confirmed by the bishop fasting the
implication being that if they were confirmed at an earlier
age they need not fast. No one was to be confirmed more
than once, and parents were frequently to remind their
children by whom and where they were confirmed.
Bishops might change names in confirmation, and no one
is to be admitted to minor orders without confirmation.
There are reasonable and prudent directions as to hearing
confession, etc. In the communion the wine is to be red
17
Reuterdahl : Statuta Synodalia, pp. 57-8, in a document of
uncertain date.
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