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2 . THREE OBJECTS OF PIETISM. 317
Both in Germany and Sweden the strictness of
Lutheran orthodoxy led to the appearance of frequent
movements of protest in favour of the rights and duties of
the individual, and in defence of a truer conception of
faith, and of an emphasis on the need of hope and love in
the Church as a whole. The first and the most far-reach
ing of these movements was that of Pietism, to which all
that have followed have been more or less indebted.
2. MOVEMENTS OF PROTEST AGAINST ULTRA-ORTHO
DOXY. PIETISM. SPENER AND FRANCKE. UNI
VERSITY OF HALLE. THREE OBJECTS OF PIETISM :
REGENERATION OF THEOLOGY BY STUDY OF HOLY
SCRIPTURE; REGENERATION OF THE CHURCH, A
HIGHER CALL FOR LAYMEN IN HOME AND FOREIGN
MISSIONS; REGENERATION OF MORALS. PIETISM
IN SWEDEN. FRIENDLY ATTITUDE OF SVEDBERG,
ERIC BENZELIUS JUN., AND RYDELIUS. MURBECK,
TOLLSTADIUS, NlLS GRUBB. OPPOSITION. DE
CREES AGAINST CONVENTICLES.
The first leader of Pietism in Germany was a very good,
wise and moderate man, Philipp Jakob Spener (1635
1705), an Alsatian, who was one of the leading Lutheran
clergy of Frankfort-on-the-Main from 1666 onwards, and
afterwards worked in Dresden and Berlin. In his youth
he was not only much influenced by the writings of
Johann Arndt, especially his celebrated book, True
Christianity, but also by those of some of the English
puritans, such as Richard Baxter, Lewis Bayly (Bishop
of Bangor), author of a very popular book, The Practice
of Piety, and one or both of the brothers, Daniel and
Jeremiah Dyke. Pietism lay, historically as well as
spiritually, between the early puritanism of England and
the evangelical movements in our own country both in
its principles and in many of its outward forms and ex
pressions. It began in private meetings for devotion and
discussion,, which were attended by like-minded persons.
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