viii (Finland : its public and private economy)

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CHAPTER VIII
MONEY AND BANKING

Connection between money and the banking system—Swedish
money—Establishment of the Bank of Finland—Silver
money, 1840–54—Principles of administration in the Bank
of Finland—Final introduction of silver standard—Gold
Standard Act—Final organisation of the Bank—Object of
the Bank’s activity—Character of the private
banks—Abolition of private note-issue—Mistake made by the Bank of
Finland—Banking law of 1886—Föreningsbanken—Nordiska
Aktiebanken—Other banks—Statement of the Bank of
Finland—Statements of the private banks—The banks during
the period of expansion and restriction—In the sixties—The
beginning of the seventies—Last half of the seventies—The
eighties—Bad times in the early part of the
nineties—Expansion of business—Contraction—Situation of the Treasury
—Mortgage Association of Finland—Mortgage bank for the
cities—Mortgage departments in the banks—No Stock
Exchange—Savings banks—Warehouses for grain—Insurance—
Fire insurance—Insurance against accidents—Personal
accidents—Life insurance 185–226

CHAPTER IX
MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

Waterways—Rapids—Canals—Importance for the lumber export
—Floating—Direct interest of the government—Navigation
on the sea—Roads in old times—Recent construction of roads
—First construction of railroads—Question of private railways
—Construction in rich or poor parts of the country—Cost of
building—New lines—Total extent of the
railways—Construction of private railways continued—Passenger traffic—
Goods traffic—Result of low tariff—Interest on the capital
—Increase in gross revenue an argument in favour of
government railways—Cheapest capital obtained by the government
—Beginning of the post—Modern postal reform—Increase of
postal matter—Transfer to Russian Department of posts and
telegraphs—Obligation to carry travellers—Russian telegraph
—The Finnish railroad telegraph—Telephone 227–246

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CHAPTER VIII MONEY AND BANKING
Connection between money and the banking system—Swedish money—Establishment of the Bank of Finland—Silver money, 1840–54—Principles of administration in the Bank of Finland—Final introduction of silver standard—Gold Standard Act—Final organisation of the Bank—Object of the Bank’s activity—Character of the private banks—Abolition of private note-issue—Mistake made by the Bank of Finland—Banking law of 1886—Föreningsbanken—Nordiska Aktiebanken—Other banks—Statement of the Bank of Finland—Statements of the private banks—The banks during the period of expansion and restriction—In the sixties—The beginning of the seventies—Last half of the seventies—The eighties—Bad times in the early part of the nineties—Expansion of business—Contraction—Situation of the Treasury —Mortgage Association of Finland—Mortgage bank for the cities—Mortgage departments in the banks—No Stock Exchange—Savings banks—Warehouses for grain—Insurance— Fire insurance—Insurance against accidents—Personal accidents—Life insurance	185–226
CHAPTER IX MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
Waterways—Rapids—Canals—Importance for the lumber export —Floating—Direct interest of the government—Navigation on the sea—Roads in old times—Recent construction of roads —First construction of railroads—Question of private railways —Construction in rich or poor parts of the country—Cost of building—New lines—Total extent of the railways—Construction of private railways continued—Passenger traffic— Goods traffic—Result of low tariff—Interest on the capital —Increase in gross revenue an argument in favour of government railways—Cheapest capital obtained by the government —Beginning of the post—Modern postal reform—Increase of postal matter—Transfer to Russian Department of posts and telegraphs—Obligation to carry travellers—Russian telegraph —The Finnish railroad telegraph—Telephone	227–246