ix (Finland : its public and private economy)

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CHAPTER X
THE EXCHEQUER AND CIVIC DUTIES

Excellent finance—Peculiar character of the budget—Present
budget—Ordinary revenue—Income of public property and
works—Character of the public expenses—Public debt—
Voting of supply—Formation of separate
funds—Centralisation of finances—Reform in the accounts—Local funds of
general utility—Pension funds—State assets—Public credit
in relation to Russia—Church revenues—Town municipalities
—Rural Communes—Total of direct taxes—Land
tax—Payment in kind—Personal tax—Centonal—Tax of traders in
the country and of chemists—Export duty on wood—Former
income-tax to the Crown—Income-tax in the
towns—Income-tax in rural districts—New propositions to impose
income-tax—Stamp duties—Excise of alcohol and beer—Custom
duties—Financial possibility of reform—The tariff and the
Estates—Russia and the tariff—The old Swedish military
organisation—Finland after the union with
Russia—Organisation of 1879—Russian attacks on the military organisation—
Threatened emigration—Actual organisation—New military
laws 247–277

CHAPTER XI
THE GOVERNMENT OF FINLAND AND ITS FUTURE

Character of the government—Central administration—Local
organisation—Election of officials—Lutheran clergy—The
Greek Orthodox Church—The Communes—Higher schools—
Primary schools—The women—Associations—The two
languages—The Russian language—The press—Finnish way of
thinking—Finnish legal order—Income of the
people—Comparison with other countries—Increase in income—Statistics
of population—Progress of the industrial and commercial
classes—Government and public progress—Montesquieu on
good government and rich nations—Force of resistance—
Bad effects—Attack on the legal order 278–300

Index 301–306

General Map of Finland at end

Statistical Maps of Finland „

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		Finland : its public and private economy / ix (1902) Author: Niels Christian Frederiksen Table of Contents / Innehåll \| << Previous \| Next >>
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CHAPTER X THE EXCHEQUER AND CIVIC DUTIES
Excellent finance—Peculiar character of the budget—Present budget—Ordinary revenue—Income of public property and works—Character of the public expenses—Public debt— Voting of supply—Formation of separate funds—Centralisation of finances—Reform in the accounts—Local funds of general utility—Pension funds—State assets—Public credit in relation to Russia—Church revenues—Town municipalities —Rural Communes—Total of direct taxes—Land tax—Payment in kind—Personal tax—Centonal—Tax of traders in the country and of chemists—Export duty on wood—Former income-tax to the Crown—Income-tax in the towns—Income-tax in rural districts—New propositions to impose income-tax—Stamp duties—Excise of alcohol and beer—Custom duties—Financial possibility of reform—The tariff and the Estates—Russia and the tariff—The old Swedish military organisation—Finland after the union with Russia—Organisation of 1879—Russian attacks on the military organisation— Threatened emigration—Actual organisation—New military laws	247–277
CHAPTER XI THE GOVERNMENT OF FINLAND AND ITS FUTURE
Character of the government—Central administration—Local organisation—Election of officials—Lutheran clergy—The Greek Orthodox Church—The Communes—Higher schools— Primary schools—The women—Associations—The two languages—The Russian language—The press—Finnish way of thinking—Finnish legal order—Income of the people—Comparison with other countries—Increase in income—Statistics of population—Progress of the industrial and commercial classes—Government and public progress—Montesquieu on good government and rich nations—Force of resistance— Bad effects—Attack on the legal order	278–300
Index	301–306
General Map of Finland	at end
Statistical Maps of Finland	„