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in Finland, even more remarkably than in Sweden
and Norway. This has chiefly been possible because
no patents or monopolies have hindered its
development. The Senate gives concessions to companies as
well as to private persons. A Swedish company
decided in 1880 to introduce a telephone with American
instruments into Helsingfors, but it was only in the
summer of 1882 that the necessary hundred subscribers
joined, and a beginning could really take place. A
telephone was already installed in Åbo with Swedish
Ericsson instruments, and only thirty subscribers. The
telephone is now found everywhere, even in the
country; in 1898 there were 300 centrals. A
company for connecting the towns in southern Finland
was established in 1894, and introduced everywhere
double wires between the towns, on lines which, at the
end of 1898, extended over 4700 kilometres. Other
companies have been formed for connecting the towns
in other parts of the country. The telephone is very
cheap; it costs ten marks per annum in Mariehamn
on Åland, where there is a telephone for every nine
persons, and 20 marks in Nykarleby; elsewhere it
varies from 30 to 75 marks, though in Helsingfors
it costs 60 and 102 marks, and in Viborg 85 and
100 marks. The use of the telephone has entered
thoroughly into the daily life of the people, and it now
holds an important place in the economic as well as in
the social and intellectual existence of the nation.
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