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Communal life is comparatively well-developed, more so
than might be supposed from the limited resources of
the Communes; a fact due to the old Swedish
self-government. The sums collected and expended are
the largest in the towns, although they embrace a very
small part of the population. They have the largest
budget and the largest amount of property and debt,
although here, too, it is only a question of relatively
small amounts. Their properties were valued at the
beginning of 1899 at a total of 59 millions, of which
about 27 millions are represented by houses and ground
in the towns themselves, 15½ millions by country land,
fishery rights, &c., millions by invested capital, and
10 millions by property of other kinds. In 1891 the
total amount was 25½ millions. The total debt at the
beginning of 1899 was stated to be 26 millions, against
13 in 1891; of this at the beginning of 1899 Helsingfors
claimed about 10 millions, Åbo 3¾, Tammerfors
about 3, and Viborg 2 millions. The more prosperous
towns have the larger debt, in consequence of entering
on larger enterprises. The amounts have increased
rapidly in later years; Helsingfors, for instance, in 1900
had a debt of 12¾ millions, and in 1901 it was expected
to exceed 14 millions as a consequence of large public
works. The revenue and expenditure of all the towns
together in 1898 was reckoned at 15 millions on each
side, against 9 millions in 1890; of which former
amount 2 million marks of income came from land
and lake and river rights, 3 millions from taxes on
trade and industries, and another 3 millions as
income-tax. These amounts only increased respectively from
1⅓ million, 2 millions, and 2⅓ millions in 1890, but
are now increasing more rapidly in some of the towns.
The income-tax in Helsingfors, for instance, was
estimated for 1901 at 1¾ million, against 1¼ in 1898.
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